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Lambda Research Optics, Inc. - DFO
Optics, Illumination, Light Sources Dictionary Terms

reflectance confocal microscopy
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging...
q-switched operation
Q-switched operation, or q-switching, is a technique used in lasers to produce short and intense pulses of light. The term...
critical illumination
Illumination in which the light source is imaged at the object.
sisyphus cooling
Sisyphus cooling is a technique used in atomic physics to achieve ultracold temperatures of atoms or molecules by exploiting...
GaN-based LEDs
Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...
image
In optics, an image is the reconstruction of light rays from a source or object when light from that source or object is...
fluence
Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....
harmonic generation
Harmonic generation refers to a nonlinear optical process in which incoming photons interact with a material and produce new...
adhesion (thin-films)
Optical thin film adhesion specifically refers to the adhesion properties of thin films used in optical applications....
thin-film deposition equipment
Thin-film deposition equipment refers to machinery and tools used in the process of depositing thin layers of material onto...
color holography
The recording of three or more separate holograms having a different color on a medium, so that illumination with a tricolor...
germanium crystal
Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...
light fidelity
LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...
refracting sphere
A transparent sphere that has an index of refraction that is different from that of the medium surrounding it; used in...
acousto-photorefractive effect
The acousto-photorefractive effect refers to a phenomenon in which acoustic waves (sound waves) interact with light waves...
mercury arc
An electric arc that is formed in mercury vapor through which an electric current flows. The intensity of the illumination...
interferometer
An interferometer is a scientific instrument that utilizes the principle of interference to measure differences in the path...
electron trapping optical memory
A method of erasable optical data storage in which information is stored by visible light, then read by illumination with an...
wavefront
A wavefront refers to the continuous surface or boundary representing points in a wave that are in phase, meaning they have...
additive color process
The additive color process refers to the method of creating color by combining different wavelengths of light. This...
attenuation-limited power
In fiber optics, the limitation on performance imposed by the amplitude of a received signal rather than distortion.
dichroscopic eyepiece
An eyepiece used in a polariscope or polarizing microscope to give a comparison view of the same object under illumination...
nanoplasmonics
Nanoplasmonics is a branch of nanophotonics that focuses on the study and manipulation of optical phenomena at the nanoscale...
optical table
An optical table, also known as an optical bench or an optical breadboard, is a specialized platform used in optics...
illuminance
Luminous flux incident per unit area of a surface; luminous incidence. (The use of the term "illumination" for...
lidar
Lidar, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and...
cleaning equipment
In optics, degreasers or ultrasonic arrangements used for removing pitch, cement or polishing material from lenses during...
replicated optics
Optical components, usually reflectors, produced using proprietary techniques that transfer the precision of a master to a...
image optics
Any form of lens, optical system (camera, telescope, microscope, etc.), or opto-electronics utilized for the purpose of...
reticle
A reticle, also known as a reticule or graticule, is a pattern or set of markings placed in the focal plane of an optical...
figure
In optics, the geometrical form of an optical surface.
mode-locked lasers
Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...
GRIN lens
A GRIN (gradient index) lens is a type of optical lens that utilizes a gradient in refractive index across its volume rather...
machine vision system
A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...
holographic grating
A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...
nonlinear polarization
Nonlinear polarization refers to the phenomenon where the polarization of a material responds nonlinearly to an applied...
adaptive optics
Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of...
dichroism
Dichroism refers to the property of certain materials to exhibit different colors or absorbance of light depending on the...
stimulated Brillouin scattering
In Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), an incident photon (usually laser light) interacts with acoustic phonons in a...
nanoimprint lithography
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...
centration
Centration is the precise alignment of the optical center of a lens or optical element with its mechanical center or the...
paraboloidal condenser
A condenser composed of a paraboloidal reflector and used for dark-field illumination.
laser pointer
Handheld optical laser device containing a semiconductor or DPSS source. The output is corrected via internal collimating...
breakout cable
A breakout cable, also known as a fan-out cable or breakout assembly, is a type of cable that combines multiple individual...
wedge photometer
A photometer that uses a wedge, marked to show its reduction of flux density, to make two light sources equal in intensity...
vacuum
In optics, the term vacuum typically refers to a space devoid of matter, including air and other gases. However, in...
Rydberg atom
The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...
phase mask
In optics and photolithography, a phase mask refers to a device that modifies the phase of light waves passing through it....
Bertrand lens
A small convergent lens, located between the objective and eyepiece of a microscope, that focuses an image of the upper...
massive optics
Optical components exceeding 24 in. in diameter. The components are usually glass, acrylic or polystyrene and are used for...
single-photon avalanche diode
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...
optogenetics
A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...
frequency comb
A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...
borescope
A device for the internal inspection of hard-to-get-at mechanical parts, such as rifle barrels, sewer pipes, oil wells, or...
edge-emitting LED
An edge-emitting light-emitting diode is a type of LED structure where light emission occurs primarily along the edge of the...
nox
Equal to 10-3 lux; used in measuring low values of illumination and luminance.
optics of material
The area of optics that deals with the interaction of light with a given material. The optical properties of material are...
infrared optic
Infrared optics refer to optical components and systems designed to manipulate and control infrared (IR) light, which lies...
toric lens
A lens having one or more toric surfaces. A toric surface is one having a maximum power in one meridian and a minimum power...
abridged spectrophotometer
An abridged spectrophotometer refers to a simplified or compact version of a traditional spectrophotometer, which is a...
matrix optics
 optofluidics
Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...
Twyman-Green interferometry
Twyman-Green interferometry is a technique used in optics to measure the flatness or surface profile of optical components...
halogen lamp
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...
solid optics
Optical elements arranged with no spaces between, so that the light travels only through glass, not air.
fusion
1. The combination of the effects of two or more stimuli in any given sense to form a single sensation. With respect to...
geometric optics
A field of physics that deals with light as if it truly were composed of rays diverging in various directions from the...
fresnel
A unit of frequency equivalent to 1012 cps. Named for Augustin Jean Fresnel, a French physicist known for his work in light...
lateral shearing interferometer
A lateral shearing interferometer is an optical device used in interferometry to measure phase differences between two beams...
divergence
1. In optics, the bending of rays away from each other. 2. In lasers, the spreading of a laser beam with increased distance...
diffractive optics
Optical elements that use diffraction to control wavefronts. Diffractive optical elements include diffraction gratings,...
surface
1. In optics, one of the exterior faces of an optical element. 2. The process of grinding or generating the face of an...
axicon
An axicon is a type of optical component characterized by its conical shape and its ability to transform a collimated...
fiber optic spectrometer
A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...
laser guide star
An artificial star used to aid in adaptive optics imaging of the sky. The guide star is provided from a telescope system on...
spectroradiometer
A spectroradiometer is a device used to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths across the electromagnetic...
object
The figure seen through or imaged by an optical system. It may contain structures, natural or artificial, or it may be the...
ray tracing
Ray tracing is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to simulate the way light interacts with objects in a scene....
cladding glass
In fiber optics, the glass that is found around the glass core of the fiber, and that has a lower refractive index than the...
micro-ring resonator
A micro-ring resonator is a compact optical device that utilizes the resonant behavior of light within a small ring-shaped...
Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is an optical device used for measuring the wavefront aberrations of an optical system....
chalcogenide
Chalcogenide refers to a class of compounds containing elements from group 16 of the periodic table, which includes sulfur...
tangent ogive
In optics, a shape often given to the leading edge of a projectile. In any side view it appears as a pointed arc, while any...
lumen
A lumen is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of luminous flux, which is the perceived power of light. In...
pressurization
Injecting a gas (usually nitrogen) with a very low moisture content into the body of an optical instrument to create a...
laser triangulation
A technique that uses a solid-state laser and a detector to determine an object's relative distance to the system. The laser...
photoelastic
In optics, the double refraction that is produced when stress is applied to a transparent material. Plastics, which are...
crystal optics
The study of the transmission of radiant energy through crystals, especially anisotropic crystals, and their effects on...
optical grating
An optical grating, in the context of optics and physics, refers to a device with a periodic structure of closely spaced,...
structured illumination microscopy
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is an advanced optical imaging technique used in microscopy to enhance the...
intensified vidicon
A standard direct-readout vidicon tube linked by fiber optics to an intensifier for increased sensitivity.
polarization
Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...
Gaussian optics
1. That branch of optics that illustrates the theory in which q is substituted for sin q in Snell's law. Effective results...
optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...
hygroscopic
In fiber optics, a material whose properties, usually of transmission, are distinctly affected by the absorption of water...
split-image microscope
A mask-alignment microscope used to produce and inspect microcircuits in the electronics industry. It provides flat-field,...
rainbow hologram
Essentially, a hologram of a hologram, in which the first-generation hologram is masked with a narrow slit. During image...
dispersion
Dispersion refers to the phenomenon where different wavelengths (colors) of light travel at different speeds when passing...
paraxial
Characteristic of optical analyses that are limited to infinitesimally small apertures. Also called first-order or Gaussian...
phase-modulated sensor
A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...
variable-focus condenser
An Abbe condenser in which the upper lens element is fixed. The lower lens may focus the illumination between the elements...
endoscope
An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...
tolerance field
In fiber optics, the annular region between two concentric circles; used to specify fiber cladding and core sizes.
darkroom
A room that is light-tight, permitting total darkness or illumination with a safelight when working with photosensitive...
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an optical device used to measure the phase difference between two collimated beams of...
beam shaper
A beam shaper is an optical device or system designed to modify the spatial profile or intensity distribution of a laser or...
underillumination
Illumination of hologram facets with a beam that covers only a small portion of the hologram in order to optimize laser...
dioptrics
The branch of optics that deals with the study of the refraction of light, particularly by the transmitting medium of the...
steradian
The unit solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere by an area on its surface equivalent to the square of the radius;...
bellows
In optics, a collapsible structure situated between the lens and film of a camera to allow variation of the distance between...
addressability (optical)
Optical addressability refers to the capability to control or manipulate individual elements that emit or modulate light...
gain
Also known as amplification. 1. The increase in a signal that is transmitted from one point to another through an amplifier....
head-up display
An optical system that superimposes a synthetic display providing navigational or weapon-aiming information on a pilot's or...
photobiomodulation
A light therapy that utilizes nonionizing light sources, including lasers, LEDs, and broadband light, in the visible and...
optical phase distortion
Optical phase distortion refers to a phenomenon where the phase of an optical wavefront is altered as it propagates through...
photon jet
A photon jet is a narrow, highly collimated beam of light that is formed when light interacts with small dielectric...
diffuse illumination
Light emitted by one or more sources and characterized by a high degree of scatter.
chemical vapor deposition equipment
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...
bubble chamber optics
Specially designed optics for the observation and photographing of hydrogen in a bubble chamber.
distal end
The end of an optical fiber farthest from the source of illumination.
ultrafast pulsed laser
An ultrafast pulsed laser is a type of laser that emits extremely short pulses of light with durations typically on the...
diode laser
A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....
optical design and engineering services
Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...
strain
In optics, the mechanical tension, compression or shear in optical glass due to internal stress caused by improper cooling...
rheinberg illumination
 photoresponse nonuniformity
Noise created by patterns imaged on a CCD surface. Pixel sensitivity is altered by responsivity during illumination.
fiber-coupled LED
A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...
computer-generated hologram
A computer-generated hologram (CGH) is a holographic image produced using computational methods and algorithms, rather than...
nonlinear crystal
A nonlinear crystal is a type of crystal that exhibits nonlinear optical properties when subjected to intense...
aperture illumination
The amplitude, polarization and phase contained in the field distribution over the aperture.
ion-beam sputtering
Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...
directional reflectance
Reflectance in a specified direction, for a specified direction of incident illumination.
vertical incident illumination
With respect to microscopy, light that is directed down through the objective onto the specimen and then returned by...
solar furnace
An optical system that is designed to produce a high temperature in a specified area by the optical direction and...
Pockels
In optics, the Pockels effect refers to the phenomenon where the refractive index of a material changes in response to an...
concave grating
A reflecting grating ruled on a concave spherical surface that not only disperses the light but focuses the spectrum. The...
remote laser welding
A robotic process commonly employed by automakers that enables high-speed and flexible production throughput by using...
scratch resistant coating
Thin layers intended to prevent damage to plastic optics.
reference white
The light from a nonselective diffuse reflector due to the standard illumination of the scene to be televised.
photoplethysmography
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect changes in blood volume in tissues. It...
arc light source
In present usage, especially for spectroscopic identification, an arc between electrodes that serves as a radiation source....
nanophotonics
Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...
wave optics
Also referred to as physical optics - the area of optics in which the wave nature of light is essential when defining its...
dust extinction
In atmospheric optics, the almost total blocking of light transmission in the atmosphere due to the scattering and...
Mie scattering
Mie scattering, named after the German physicist Gustav Mie, refers to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation (such as...
acousto-optic deflector
An acousto-optic deflector (AOD) is a type of device that utilizes the acousto-optic effect to control the direction of...
cold atom
Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...
confocal scanning microscope
A microscope design that involves apertures inserted in conjugate plane positions inside the microscope, with one aperture...
convex
Convex is an adjective used to describe a surface or shape that curves outward, bulges, or has a rounded and outwardly...
phase matching
Phase matching is a crucial concept in the field of optics, particularly in nonlinear optics and the generation of coherent...
gradient-index profile
The term gradient-index profile refers to a specific type of refractive index distribution within an optical material. In...
achromat
An achromat, in the context of optics, refers to a type of lens or lens system designed to reduce chromatic aberration....
Judas optics
A small defocused Galilean telescope mounted in a hole in a door. Viewed from inside through the positive lens, a wide-angle...
machine vision lighting
Machine vision lighting refers to the use of specific lighting techniques and equipment in the field of machine vision,...
octave
In optics, an octave typically refers to a range of frequencies or wavelengths that spans a factor of 2. In other words,...
photographic photometry
A form of photometric measurement, often used with light sources that are transparent or fluctuating, in which a...
buffer
1. In fiber optics, a protective material applied as an optical fiber cover that has no optical function. 2. In image...
adapter (optical adapter)
An optical adapter typically refers to a device or component used in optical systems to facilitate connections between...
blue diode laser
A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...
quantum well
A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...
atom optics
The area of optics in which the wave nature of a particle is exploited to carry out very accurate interferometry and other...
pluggable optics
Pluggable optics, also known as pluggable transceivers or optical transceivers, are modular devices used in optical...
t number
The equivalent f number of a fictitious lens that has a circular opening and 100 percent transmittance, which would give the...
optical noise
Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...
processed hologram
A superposition of many zone plates, each reconstructing a real and virtual point image at the appropriate locations upon...
bench photometer
A device used to compare the luminous intensities of two sources by locating a point between the two light sources where the...
optical
Pertaining to optics and the phenomena of light.
high-density storage
Extensive data storage in the form of bits, with the use of high-resolution photographic materials and optics, and generally...
light diffusion
Light diffusion refers to the process by which light is scattered or spread out in various directions as it interacts with a...
transposition
In optics, the changing of the relative curves of a lens without changing its refractive value.
erbium-doped fiber laser
An erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) is a type of laser that uses an optical fiber doped with erbium ions (Er³?) as the...
photon sieve
A photon sieve is an optical device used in the field of optics and imaging. It's designed to focus and shape light,...
magnetorheological finishing
Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a precision optics polishing technique used for shaping and finishing optical surfaces...
resonator
A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance, which is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force or...
relay condenser
A form of lens assembly used in a projection system to maximize efficiency and assure uniform illumination of the object...
achromatic point
In color perception and vision an achromatic point refers to a color stimulus that appears neutral or without hue, often...
diffractive lens
Any optical device that utilizes diffraction in an image-forming capability. Familiar diffractive lenses are zone plates,...
collective lens
A convex or positive lens that serves to collect energy and direct it into subsequent system optics.
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
dissector
In optical character recognition, the mechanical or electronic transducer used to detect the level of illumination present...
hard coating
Usually a dielectric coating on glass or plastic optics; a coating that is comparable in hardness to glass itself.
second-harmonic generation
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that occurs when two photons with the same frequency combine...
reflective
The term reflective is an adjective that describes the ability of a surface or material to reflect light or other forms of...
plastic optical fiber
Plastic optical fiber (POF) is a type of optical fiber made from transparent plastic, typically polymethylmethacrylate...
laser
A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...
beam optics
Koehler illumination
A two-stage illuminating system for a microscope in which the source is imaged in the aperture of the substage condenser by...
nano
An SI prefix meaning one billionth (10-9). Nano can also be used to indicate the study of atoms, molecules and other...
modulation
In general, changes in one oscillation signal caused by another, such as amplitude or frequency modulation in radio which...
optical aberration
Optical aberration refers to imperfections or deviations from ideal optical behavior in an imaging system, such as a lens or...
bright-field illumination
The illumination generally used in microscopy, whereby the specimen appears dark against a light background.
dissonance
In optics, the production of maxima and minima by the superimposition of two sets of interference fringes from light of two...
bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which living organisms produce and emit light through a chemical reaction...
spot meter
A telescopic light-sensing meter used to measure illumination levels of small regions at a distance of many feet; it is used...
long-pass filter
A long-pass filter is an optical filter that allows longer wavelengths of light to pass through while blocking or...
integrated photonics
Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...
integrated optics
A thin-film device containing miniature optical components connected via optical waveguides on a transparent dielectric...
linewidth
Linewidth, also known as spectral linewidth or line width, refers to a measure of the width of a frequency spectrum of a...
fused quartz and silica
Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...
metasurfaces
Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...
radial gradient
In gradient index optics, a gradient profile in which the index varies in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis....
polarization photometer
A photometer having a pair of Nicol prisms introduced into the beam from the brighter of two sources to be compared. Turning...
accessible emission
Accessible emission typically refers to the portion of emitted radiation (light, particles, etc.) from a source that can be...
saturable absorber
A saturable absorber is a type of optical device that exhibits variable absorption properties depending on the intensity of...
reactive evaporation
Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...
cutoff wavelength
1. In detector technology, the long wavelength at which detector response falls to a set percentage (usually 20 or 50...
cold-light illumination
A means of illumination from which the infrared component has been removed by absorption or reflection filters within the...
polychromatic illumination
Light that is a mixture of wavelengths.
solar simulator
A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...
Laurent polarimeter
A Laurent polarimeter is an instrument used in optics for measuring the rotation of plane-polarized light caused by...
absolute luminance threshold
The absolute luminance threshold is the lowest luminance level of a light source or illuminated object that can be detected...
light sheet fluorescence microscopy
Also known as single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), this process was designed for imaging of sensitive samples and...
Ti:sapphire laser
A Ti:sapphire laser is a type of solid-state laser that utilizes a titanium-doped sapphire crystal as the gain medium. The...
photon flux
Photon flux refers to the rate at which photons (particles of light) pass through a unit area per unit time. It is a measure...
mesoscope
In the field of optics and imaging, a mesoscope refers to an optical instrument that is designed to observe and capture...
free-space optics
Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...
laser pen
Device consisting of a laser diode, beam-correcting optics and collimating optics in a single housing. Also called a...
indirect illumination
The light formed by visible radiation that, in traveling from light source to object, undergoes one or more reflections. In...
swept source optical coherence tomography
Swept-source optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
nanoLED
An LED (light-emitting diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...
CIE illuminant
Spectral power distribution representing a standard source of illumination, which may be real or hypothetical.
paraboloidal mirror
A concave mirror that has the form of a paraboloid of revolution. The paraboloidal mirror may have only a portion of a...
photodynamic therapy
A medical technology that uses lasers or other light sources in combination with photosensitizing drugs to treat cancerous...
luxmeter
An illuminometer designed to measure illumination in terms of luxes.
autocollimator
An autocollimator is an optical instrument used for measuring small angular deviations with high precision. It operates on...
laser damage threshold
The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...
vortex phase plate
A vortex phase plate is an optical device designed to impart a phase singularity, commonly referred to as a vortex or phase...
retroreflection
Retroreflection is a phenomenon in optics where light is reflected back toward its source, typically in a direction nearly...
Abbe illumination
Image of a uniform source through the sample of a microscope image system. Light from the sample plane is reimaged by the...
photonics
The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The...
image plane holography
A hologram in which the image of an object, or the object itself, is located near the hologram recording plane, for optimum...
molecular motor
A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...
binary optics
Optical elements, often created by micromachining, lithography or vacuum deposition, that rely on diffraction of the...
visually coupled airborne systems simulator
A visual system including a tiny television tube and imaging optics, all contained in a helmet to be worn by pilots in...
spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique that extends traditional Raman spectroscopy by incorporating...
infrared microscope
A type of microscope that uses radiation in the infrared region to illuminate objects that are opaque to visible radiation....
fiberless optics
 aplanatic points
Aplanatic points refer to specific points in an optical system where certain aberrations, such as spherical aberration or...
transmission
In optics, the conduction of radiant energy through a medium. Often denotes the percentage of energy passing through an...
scanner
1. A device used to trace out an object and build up an image. One of the most common of these types is video scanning. The...
spherical gradient
In gradient index optics, a gradient profile in which the refractive index varies symmetrically about a point.
near-field scanning
A measurement technique used to determine the spatial distribution profile of an electrical or optical quantity of interest...
leaky ray
In an optical waveguide, a ray for which geometric optics would predict total internal reflection at the core boundary, but...
covered groove
A technique used in integrated optics where a groove is cut on a substrate surface and covered by a thin film to facilitate...
first-order optics
 acousto-optics
Acousto-optics is a branch of physics that deals with the interaction of sound waves (acoustic waves) and light waves...
optical gate
An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...
linear receive optics
Linear receive optics typically refers to the optical components and systems used in the reception (detection) of linearly...
half bandwidth
The term half bandwidth (HBW) generally refers to the width of a spectral band or frequency range at half of its maximum...
custom optic
A custom optic refers to an optical component that is designed, manufactured, and tailored to meet specific requirements or...
on-board optics
On-board optics refers to optical systems integrated into devices or platforms for various purposes, such as imaging,...
lattice
In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...
vacuum apparatus
Equipment dependent on the effects of a vacuum. The principal applications in optics are in the coating of lenses and...
lapping and polishing services
Lapping and polishing services involve specialized processes used to improve the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of...
conjugate autofocus system
A system that determines whether an image is in or out of focus by means of a source of illumination at the conjugate focal...
Gaussian beam optics
The area of optics that deals with the propagation of Gaussian laser beams in free space, or any general medium - i.e....
infrared light source
An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...
kinematic mount
A mount for an optic element or optics assembly, designed so that all six degrees of freedom are singly constrained. This...
anisotropy
Anisotropy refers to the property of exhibiting different values or characteristics when measured in different directions....
linear positioning stage
A linear positioning stage, also known as a linear stage or translation stage, is a precision mechanical device used to...
metamaterial
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring substances. These...
acceptance pattern
The acceptance pattern, often used in the context of antennas and optical systems, refers to the spatial distribution of the...
oblique illumination
A common technique in microscopy, oblique illumination is one in which the object is illuminated by a light source that is...
GaAlAs laser
A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...
plastic optics
Plastic optics refers to optical components or systems that are made from transparent plastic materials, as opposed to...
Fizeau interferometer
A Fizeau interferometer is an interferometric device that uses the principle of interference to measure the surface flatness...
image jump
In optics, the term image jump refers to a displacement or shift in the apparent position of an image when a change occurs...
active optics
Active optics refers to a technology used in telescopes and other optical instruments to improve the quality of images by...
color center
A color center, in the context of materials science and condensed matter physics, refers to a specific type of...
meteorological optics
Lloyd's mirror
A mirror employed with a very high incidence angle to form a pair of coherent light sources by reflection, and therefore...
liquid crystal on silicon
Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...
Q-switching
Q-switching, short for "quenching-switching," is a technique used in lasers to generate short, high-energy pulses of light....
polishing jig
In fiber optics, a device used to polish a biconic plug to a specified length and surface finish. Also called a polishing...
diverging lens
A diverging lens is a type of lens that causes parallel rays of light to spread out or diverge. It is thinner in the center...
angular spectrum approach
The angular spectrum approach is a mathematical and computational technique used in the field of optics to analyze and...
extreme ultraviolet
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) refers to a specific range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum....
ball lens
A ball lens is a small, spherical optical component typically made of glass or other transparent materials. It is...
thermograph
The instrument used to collect thermal radiation information on an object by scanning. It consists basically of a detector,...
micro-optics
Micro-optics refers to the design, fabrication, and application of optical components and systems at a microscale level....
static beam shaping
A technique for creating optimal performance in a system by producing a specific beam irradiance distribution, usually...
dense wavelength division multiplexing
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical communication technique used to increase the data-carrying...
phase screen
A phase screen, in the context of optics and wave optics, refers to a surface or medium that introduces a phase delay to an...
Linnik interference microscope
A Michelson-type interference microscope used to produce interference patterns of reflective specimens through the...
isolator
In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...
Fresnel reflection
Fresnel reflection refers to the reflection of light at the interface between two different media with different refractive...
geometric metamerism
Metamerism that occurs when the geometry of illumination or viewing is changed.
optical accumulator
An optical accumulator is a concept or device that collects and stores optical energy or data for subsequent use. This can...
optical filter
An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits or blocks specific wavelengths, or colors, of light. Optical...
prism
A prism is a geometric optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. It is typically a solid, transparent...
fluorescent whitening agents
Agents used for testing light sources and natural daylight with visual and instrumental assessment using a set of white...
dual-chirped optical parametric amplification
Dual-chirped optical parametric amplification (DC-OPA) is an advanced technique in ultrafast laser technology used to...
optical parametric amplification
Optical parametric amplification (OPA) is a process in nonlinear optics where a weak signal beam is amplified by a much...
emergent ray
In optics, the light ray leaving a medium in contrast to the entering or incident ray.
beam table
Laser light show effects equipment including optics and mechanical devices that reflect, position or distort the laser beam,...
freeform optics
Freeform optics refers to the design and fabrication of optical surfaces that do not follow traditional symmetric shapes,...
optical testing instrument
An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...
Kerr soliton
A Kerr soliton refers to a specific type of soliton, a self-reinforcing wave packet, that arises in nonlinear optical...
vertical transmitted illumination
With respect to microscopy, light that is directed through the specimen by a substage condenser.
Schlieren optics
An optical system that records inhomogeneities within a medium by detecting the energy refracted by that portion of the...
entrance slit
The entrance slit, also known simply as the slit, is an essential component in optical instruments such as spectrometers and...
APD detector
An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...
sapphire crystal
Sapphire crystal refers to a transparent, single-crystal form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) known as corundum. It is one of the...
quantum cascade laser
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....
snooperscope
An instrument used for viewing in low levels of illumination by means of infrared radiation. A high-aperture lens forms an...
phase
In optics and photonics, "phase" refers to a property of electromagnetic waves, such as light, that describes the position...
photobleaching
Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...
optoelectronics
Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...
refractive index contrast
A measure of the relative difference in refractive index between two optical materials. Most commonly used in fiber optics...
coated optics
Optical elements that have been coated with one or more layers of dielectric, or metallic material. These coatings serve to...
incoherent
In optics, the term denoting the lack of a fixed phase relationship between two waves. If two incoherent waves are...
structural color
Structural color refers to coloration in materials that is not caused by pigments or dyes but is instead a result of the...
autofocus system
A means of adjusting the sharpness of an image automatically, with a sensor for estimating distance or contrast and a drive...
fiber optics
The use of thin flexible glass or plastic fibers as wave guides — or "light pipes" — to channel light from one...
concave and convex spherical mirror
Concave and convex spherical mirrors are types of curved mirrors that have surfaces shaped like segments of spheres. These...
piezoelectric motion systems
Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...
transverse mode
In the context of optics and lasers, a transverse mode refers to a specific spatial pattern of the electric field within the...
collector
A positive lens located at or close to an intermediate image plane. The collector refracts off-axis light bundles, directing...
electro-optics
1. The branch of physics that deals with the use of electrical energy to create or manipulate light waves, generally by...
mandrel
A shaft, spindle or any object generally passed through a workpiece to hold, support or shape a particular piece during its...
deep multiphoton microscopy
Deep multiphoton microscopy is an advanced imaging technique used in biological and biomedical research to visualize...
liquid/fluid optics
Liquid or fluid optics refers to the use of liquids to create or enhance optical systems. These systems leverage the unique...
optical combiner
An optical combiner, in the context of optics and display technologies, refers to a device or component that combines...
whispering gallery mode
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) refers to a phenomenon in wave physics, particularly in optics, where waves, such as light or...
threshold contrast
In visual perception, the smallest difference in illumination perceived on the average.
minimum spot size
The smallest linear diameter to which a laser or other beam of radiant energy is capable of being focused, depending on the...
chip-on-board lights
Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...
volume Bragg gratings
Volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) are specialized optical elements that consist of periodic variations in refractive index...
knife-edge scanning microscope
An imaging device originally created to image whole mouse brain volumes at microscopic resolution. The main component of the...
metalens
A metalens, short for "metasurface lens," is a type of optical lens that uses nanostructured materials to manipulate light...
metallographic microscope
A specially designed microscope for observing the etched surface of a polished metal specimen. The specimen is often laid...
concave
Concave is an adjective used to describe a surface or shape that curves inward or has a hollow or recessed appearance. In...
mode beating
In optics, "mode beating" refers to an interference phenomenon that can occur in laser systems with multiple longitudinal...
colorimeter
A colorimeter is a device used to measure and quantify the color characteristics of an object or a light source. It provides...
nanopositioning
Nanopositioning refers to the precise and controlled movement or manipulation of objects or components at the nanometer...
automated optical inspection
Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...
synchrotron
A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...
illuminometer
A photometric instrument used to measure the illumination falling on a surface. It may be photoelectric or visual.
brightfield
Brightfield refers to a type of microscopy and imaging technique in which the specimen is illuminated with a white light...
overillumination
A hologram facet illumination technique in which the illuminating beam is twice the size of the hologram facet so that full...
absorption
Absorption is the process by which a material takes in energy from electromagnetic radiation (such as light, heat, or sound)...
plano
A plano in optics describes a lens, mirror, or other optical component that has one flat (plane) surface. The term is...
photodiode
A two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with...
optomechanical
Optomechanical refers to the integration of optical and mechanical systems or components. In optomechanical systems, optics...
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
micro ion milling
Process developed for the production of high-resolution patterns in electro- and magneto-optics. These high-generation...
microdisplay
A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...
electron optics
The control of free electron movement through the use of electrical or magnetic fields, and use of this electron movement in...
Abbe condenser
An Abbe condenser is a type of optical component used in microscopy to enhance the illumination of the specimen. Named after...
masks for evaporation/deposition
In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...
laser optics
Laser optics refers to a broad category of optical components and systems designed for manipulating and controlling laser...
atmospheric optics
The analysis of the properties of radiation, such as light, when acted upon by variations in the atmosphere. Blue and red...
helium-neon laser
A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...
optical Fourier transform
The optical Fourier transform is a mathematical operation applied to optical signals that involves transforming a spatial...
diffuser
An optical diffuser is an optical component or material designed to scatter or diffuse light that passes through it. It is...
tissue optics
The study of the optical properties of living tissue. Increased understanding of the behavior of light in this varied,...
comparison lamp
A reference incandescent light source having a luminous intensity that is used in photometry for comparison of other light...
shadowgraph
A method of demonstration or examination using a point source illumination without the use of any projection lens between...
multi-axis alignment
Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...
rolling shutter artifacts
Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...
attenuation
Attenuation refers to the gradual loss or reduction of intensity, force, or magnitude of a particular property as it...
motion controller
In optics, a motion controller refers to a device or system that precisely controls the movement of optical components, such...
distributed feedback laser
A distributed feedback laser (DFB laser) is a type of semiconductor laser diode designed to emit coherent, narrow-bandwidth...
achromatic
Achromatic refers to something that is without color or lacking in chromatic coloration. In optics and color theory, it...
dark adaptation
The ability of the human eye to adjust itself to low levels of illumination.
silicon photodiode
A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...
CIE
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, the international commission on illumination.
spatial light modulator
A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...
dark-field photomicrography
A photomicrographic recording technique that utilizes dark-field illumination to render an image of an object having a...
laser diode module
A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...
mode locking
Mode locking is a technique used in optics and laser physics to generate short pulses of light with extremely high peak...
grating beamsplitter
A grating beamsplitter is an optical device that utilizes the principles of diffraction to split a beam of light into...
low-light-level instrumentation
Instrumentation designed to permit the perception, recording or measurement of scenes under conditions of low incident...
color rendering index
A CIE index describing the changes in color of standard test objects when the illumination is changed from a standard to a...
3D laser triangulation
3D Laser Triangulation - A technology that allows sensors to probe the surroundings. Laser triangulation systems have an...
nonlinear optical materials
Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...
electro-optic modulator
An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...
teloscopy
Teloscopy, while not a commonly used term, could be understood in the context of principles related to telescopes and their...
Matrix optics
The linear relationship between input and output optical fields for a given optical system or application that allows the...
exposure
In optics, the total radiant energy incident on a surface-per-unit area. It is equal to the integral over time of the...
soft coating
A term describing an antireflection coating that may be applied to optics that cannot tolerate the high temperatures usually...
meta-optics
Meta-optics, also known as metasurface optics or flat optics, is a branch of optics that involves the design, fabrication,...
laser output
The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...
bandwidth-limited operation
In fiber optics, the limitation on performance imposed by the system bandwidth rather than the amplitude of the signal.
Fizeau fringes
Fizeau fringes are interference fringes observed in an interferometer, specifically in a Fizeau interferometer. The Fizeau...
micro-optic gyroscope
A thin-film device that integrates optics and electronics on a single chip to provide a passive-ring resonator gyroscope...
cosine law of illumination
Law relating the illuminance (or irradiance) of a surface to the cosine of the angle, q, between the normal to the surface...
flicker
The fluctuation in apparent illumination that has a rate comparable to the reciprocal of the period of persistence in vision.
optical profiler
Also known as a white-light interferometer. Measures surface texture and shape from nanometer-scale roughness to...
heterostructures
A method used in integrated optics; formed by growing an epitaxial layer of active material, removing it from its base and...
thin-film coating
Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...
Dammann grating
A Dammann grating is a type of diffractive optical element (DOE) used to create an array of equally spaced,...
functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures changes in hemoglobin...
microbubble resonator
A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...
direct illumination
Light produced by visible radiation that moves from the light source to the object without reflection. With respect to...
infrared searchlight
An infrared source combined with reflecting projection optics to illuminate a target making it visible when observed through...
illumination distribution
Generally, the orientation of rays of light striking a surface.
supercontinuum
Supercontinuum refers to a broad spectrum of light that spans a wide range of wavelengths, typically from the visible to the...
momentum transfer
In physics, momentum transfer is the amount of momentum transferred from one particle to another during particle collision...
critical fusion frequency
The fusion frequency of flicker that is needed just to produce complete fusion and to assure the visual sensation of...
Rabi oscillations
Rabi oscillations are a fundamental phenomenon in quantum mechanics that describe the periodic and reversible exchange of...
nonlinear optics
Nonlinear optics is a branch of optics that studies the optical phenomena that occur when intense light interacts with a...
sputtering target
A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...
selenium cell
A photoconductive cell consisting of a layer of selenium on a substrate whose electrical resistance varies with the...
physical optics
The branch of science that treats light as a wave phenomenon wherein light propagation is studied by wavefronts rather than...
high-performance parallel interface
A very high bandwidth communication line often used in fiber optics.
second-order nonlinear optical properties
Second-order nonlinear optical properties refer to a class of phenomena exhibited by certain materials in response to...
normalized frequency
Also referred to as the V number in fiber optics; the normalized frequency is a dimensionless quantity, denoted by the...
infrared scanner
An optical system used to collect infrared energy from a scene using scanning optics with a point or line detector, as...
narrow-angle dark-field illumination
An imaging system designed to highlight small deviations in a planar reflective object such as a mirror. The system can be...
dark-field illumination
The transmission of light by a condenser to observe either very small particles or very fine lines with a microscope.
delta error
The term delta error (delta-E) generally refers to the difference or change in error between two values or states. The word...
microlens array
A microlens array is a grid-like structure composed of numerous small lenses, typically arranged in a regular pattern. Each...
illumination
The general term for the application of light to a subject. It should not be used in place of the specific quantity...
beam candlepower
With relation to the equivalent beam candlepower of a searchlight, the candlepower of a bare source that would produce the...
x-ray optics
The study of the physics of x-rays, where the x-rays exhibit properties similar to those of lightwaves. Also called Roentgen...
Lieberkuhn illumination
 optical encoder
A device designed to measure linear or rotary motion by detection of the movement of markings on a transparent medium past a...
slicing and cutting machines - for crystals, quartz, glass, etc.
A crystal, glass, or quartz slicing and cutting machine is a specialized piece of equipment used in the manufacturing...
neutralization
In optics, the process of combining two lenses having equal and opposite powers to produce a result having no power.
liquid crystal light valve
A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...
CIE source
Standard light source representative of the quality of specified natural or artificial illumination.
sputtering equipment
Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
automatic profiling
In fiber optics, the use of a detector to study the range of refractive indices achieved at various wavelengths. This...
absolute white
Absolute white is a term used in color science and imaging to describe a reference white point that represents the...
light pattern
In optics, a pattern, such as the Buchmann-Meyer pattern, that may be viewed when the record surface is illuminated by a...
magnitude
In astronomy, the relative brightness of a celestial body. Originally a scale from 1 to 6, where 1 represented the brightest...
cold coating
A method of applying antireflection coatings to optics that avoids the elevated temperatures normally used. A cold coating...
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...
space-division multiplex
In fiber optics, the condition in which each fiber of a bundle carries a separate channel.
cladding mode
A mode that is confined by virtue of a lower-index medium surrounding the cladding. Cladding modes, in the terminology of...
flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...
focal length
The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens's optical center (or principal point) and the image sensor or...
magneto-optics
Magneto-optics refers to the study and manipulation of the interaction between magnetic fields and light (electromagnetic...
Geometrical optics
The area of optics in which the propagation of light is described by geometrical lines (or rays) governed by Fermat's...
terahertz spectrometer
A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...
monochromator
A monochromator is an optical instrument used to isolate and select a narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of...
superresolution
Superresolution refers to the enhancement or improvement of the spatial resolution beyond the conventional limits imposed by...
total internal reflection fluorescence
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that leverages the...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
topological photonics
Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...
diamond-turned optic
Diamond turning refers to a precision machining process used to produce complex optical components, particularly lenses and...
light-emitting diode
An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...
linear optics
Linear optics refers to the study and manipulation of light in a linear and deterministic manner, where the response of...
sensitometer
An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...
laser tube
The device, usually made of glass or a similar material, that contains the resonant cavity and optics of a gas laser.
physiological optics
The study of visual perception by the sense of sight.
event-based sensor
An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
ytterbium laser
A ytterbium laser is a type of solid-state laser that employs ytterbium ions (Yb³?) as the dopant in the gain medium....
Nomarski microscopy
Also referred to as differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy; Nomarski microscopy is a unique form of microscopy...
quantum optics
The area of optics in which quantum theory is used to describe light in discrete units or "quanta" of energy known as...
double-clad fiber
Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...
resolution
1. In optics, the ability of a lens system to reproduce the points, lines and surfaces in an object as separate entities in...
back-side illumination
Back-side illumination (BSI) is a technology used in imaging sensors, particularly in digital cameras, where the light is...
Ruticon
A ruticon is an opto-electronic device in which light going through it can be modulated by an electric field. The...
vapor-phase axial deposition
A process by which high-quality fiber optics are made. See axial vapor-phase deposition.
lithium triborate nonlinear crystal
Lithium triborate (LiB3O5), commonly abbreviated as LBO, is a nonlinear optical crystal widely used in various applications...
Kerr effect
The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...
optical perturbation
Optical perturbation refers to any disturbance or alteration in the characteristics of light as it propagates through or...
holography
Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...
aeolight
A glow discharge lamp consisting of a cold cathode and a mixture of inert gases. The intensity of illumination varies with...
equivalent wavelength
In surface height measurement of optics with steep slopes, the use of two short visible wavelengths to synthesize a longer,...
photon-rich
Photon-rich typically refers to an environment or situation where there is an abundance of photons present. In the context...
lensless microscopy
Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...
pyramid error
Pyramid error in optics refers to an aberration in the shape of an optical surface, particularly in the context of mirrors....
ultraviolet fiber optics
Ultraviolet (UV) fiber optics refers to optical fibers that are designed and optimized for the transmission of ultraviolet...
freeform mirrors
Freeform mirrors refer to reflective optical components that deviate from traditional symmetric or rotationally symmetric...
plasmonics
Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...
infrared light-emitting diode
An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a semiconductor device that emits infrared light when an electric current...
electric-discharge lamp
A lamp that uses the transmission of an electric current through a gas or vapor to produce illumination. Neon, mercury and...
lambertian source plane
In optics, a plane that emits a flux proportional to the cosine of the angle of the normal; dense opal glass is an example.
additivity of luminance
The additivity of luminance refers to a principle in visual perception and color theory where the perceived brightness of a...
convergence
1. In optics, the bending of light rays toward each other, as by a convex or positive lens. 2. Turning in the eyes to view a...
geometric image
The position and shape of the image of a point source, as predicted by geometric optics alone. The geometric image is to be...
chain scission
The breakdown of the bonds in polymer chains caused by illumination.
axial gradient
In gradient index optics, a gradient profile in which the refractive index varies along the direction of light propagation,...
aspheric lens
An aspheric lens is a type of lens whose surface profiles deviate from the traditional spherical shape. Unlike spherical...
catoptrics
Catoptrics is the field of optics concerned with the reflection of light from reflective surfaces such as mirrors. It...

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