Definition of normalized frequency

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Photonics Dictionary

normalized frequency: Also referred to as the V number in fiber optics; the normalized frequency is a dimensionless quantity, denoted by the symbol V, given by:

where a is waveguide core radius, l is wavelength in vacuum, and n₁ and n₂ are the maximum refractive index in the core and refractive index of the homogeneous cladding, respectively. (Note that the difference between the square root of the squares of n₁ and n₂ is by definition the numerical aperture of the fiber.) For a multimode fiber, the mode volume of that fiber, which is the approximate number of bound modes within that fiber is directionally proportional to the normalized frequency. For a single-mode fiber, it is required that the normalized frequency, satisfies the condition V < 2.4048. For a step index fiber, the mode volume of that fiber is directionally proportional to the square of the normalized frequency, that is V².

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