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LEDs Steer Microscopic Beasts of Burden
At Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., scientists have reported that microorganisms can play the part of “microoxen,” being hitched to a load, directed to pull it to the desired location and unharnessed. In a proof-of-principle demonstration of the technique, which suggests applications in the guided assembly of microscopic devices, they employed 500-nm LEDs to take the reins of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and to lead the cells to cart polystyrene beads along...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Machine Vision Checks Chicken and Confirms Cookies
John Stewart would like to make your next meal of chicken strips or nuggets cheaper and healthier. Stewart, a research engineer at Georgia Tech Research Institute in Atlanta, is working on a machine vision system that he hopes will be used to spot...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Nanoparticle White-Light Emitter Based on Up-Conversion Demonstrated
Alternative sources of white light, such as LEDs and organic LEDs, are under investigation for applications ranging from the backlighting of displays to general lighting. Now scientists at the University of Victoria and at the University of British...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Patterned Metal Films Focus Surface Plasmon Polaritons
A team of investigators at the University of California, Berkeley, has demonstrated that circles and ellipses milled in silver films can focus surface plasmon polaritons. The development may enable the creation of ultrasmall integrated...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Photonics Measures the Quality of Automotive Paint
Some people like bright colors and high gloss on their cars for the appearance of cleanliness and newness. As a result, US automakers have used metallic paints for more than 50 years, enhancing gloss by incorporating tiny mirrorlike flakes of...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Quantum-Dot Films Display Strong Photoluminescence
A sol-gel fabrication technique developed at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology in Ikeda, Japan, yields thin films of quantum dots that exhibit photoluminescent efficiencies comparable to that of semiconductor...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Research and Development of Left-Handed Materials Continues
Researchers are considering the optical equivalent of the Zen koan about the sound of one hand clapping. In optics, however, there’s a twist: It isn’t the use of two hands that is the norm. Typically, such widely used applications and components as...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Solid Immersion Microscopy Images Quantum Dots
Researchers at Boston University and at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colo., have used a lens that increases numerical aperture with solid immersion microscopy to collect photoluminescence spectra from individual...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Superluminescent LEDs Enter the Mainstream
Superluminescent LEDs, also known as high-power LEDs and “laser diodes operating below threshold,” are semiconductor light sources that have a broadband output optical spectrum, like LEDs, at high power levels, like laser diodes. This combination is...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
A Clear View of Fused Silica Transmission Gratings
Diffraction gratings have been manufactured for more than 200 years. Their development was driven initially by the requirements of spectroscopy, where they have been applied since Joseph von Fraunhofer’s work in the early 1800s. For many years,...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Advances in Lasers on a Chip
Microfluidic technology has miniaturized many instruments used in biotechnology and medicine into devices about the size of a microscope slide. Developers of these devices, commonly called labs on a chip or biochips, want to achieve maximum...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Blue Electroluminescence from a Single Polymer Layer
Interest in organic LEDs is largely due to their potential for cost-effective device fabrication. Research conducted at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge is helping to streamline the process by demonstrating stable blue...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Building Better LEDs from the Bottom Up
An LED manufacturing technique that promises to enable the production of brighter and more efficient devices has been demonstrated by investigators from National Cheng Kung University in T’ai-nan and Wu-Feng Institute of Technology in Chia-i, both...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Hybrid Microscopy Reveals Surface Plasmon Dynamics
By combining the techniques of interferometric time-resolved two-photon emission and photoelectron emission microscopy, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh have generated movies of the dynamic behavior of surface plasmons on a silver grating....
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Imaging Sphere Enables Rapid Source Intensity Mapping
Many photonic applications require the ability to calculate luminous intensity; that is, light intensity as a function of angle. For example, measuring output as a function of angle helps characterize light sources, luminaires and displays, and the...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Imaging with Electrons, Aided by Light
Researchers at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena have developed an instrument with the spatial resolution of an electron microscope and the imaging speed of an optical microscope. They have dubbed it the ultrafast electron...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Microscopy Images Photocurrent in Nanowire Detector
Using a near-field scanning optical microscope, researchers at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., have produced two-dimensional maps of the photocurrent in a metal/semiconductor/metal photodetector constructed from a single nanowire. The...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Microstructured Fiber: Out of the Lab and Put to Use
For almost 40 years, glass fibers have guided and transmitted light, providing optical solutions in many fields of technology. During the past decade, a new variety of optical fiber, microstructured fiber, has emerged from the laboratory and is...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Modified Mirror Reaction Metals Apertureless Probes
A research team from the University of Leeds in the UK, Riken research institute in Wako, Japan, and Peking University has demonstrated that a variant of the familiar mirror reaction can deposit silver on the tip of atomic force microscope (AFM)...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Organic Dye Molecules Form Waveguides
Scientists at Japan’s National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba have reported the synthesis of single-mode waveguides by the self-assembly of organic dye molecules in solution. Waveguides produced from a thiacyanine dye transmit 520- to...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Passive Hyperspectral Imagers See Chemical Clouds
Interest in the detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state from a safe distance has increased in the context of domestic defense applications. One promising method to achieve such standoff detection and...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Weaker Microcavities Enable Brighter, Whiter Organic LEDs
Consumer display companies have declared white organic LEDs the wave of the future. Combined with a color filter to create red, green or blue and a transistor to switch pixels on and off, top-emitting organic LEDs promise full-color displays that...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
CMOS vs. CCD: Maturing Technologies, Maturing Markets
CCD and CMOS image sensor technologies were invented in the late 1960s and early 1970s. At the time, CMOS performance was limited by available lithography technology, allowing CCDs to dominate for the next 25 years. Manufacturing and design of...
Photonics Spectra, August 2005
Free-Electron Lasers Come of Age
Free-electron lasers in 2005 are where airplanes were in 1925: well established as a useful new technology, but with enormous untapped potential — and lots of people seeking to tap it. As with other light sources, from tabletop lasers in university...
Photonics Spectra, August 2005
Laser Enables Resolution of Nanomagnet Flipping
At the University of California, Santa Cruz, researchers have demonstrated an optical method to watch nanomagnets flip. Optically tracking changes in the magnetization of the nanostructures could pay off in various ways, explained assistant...
Photonics Spectra, August 2005
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