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Advances in LED Automotive Forward-Lighting Providing Catalysts for Change
Given the styling flexibility, unique brand-image possibilities and the increased performance levels that they offer, LEDs may represent the most significant advancement in automotive lighting sources since the advent of the high-intensity discharge arc source. Today, LEDs can be seen on luxury vehicles under nearly every brand name as well as on several high-volume vehicles. For example, LED-based daytime running lights are used on some Audi models; the Mercury Montego has LED stoplights...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Bright LEDs Made on Side Facets of GaN Stripes
LEDs are fabricated by growing epitaxial layers along the direction of the crystal polar axis. However, the optical efficiency of these optoelectronic devices decreases with increasing wavelength, due in part to strong internal piezoelectric fields...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Circular Bragg Grating Boosts LED Output
A team of scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colo., has demonstrated that etching a circular Bragg grating into the surface of a semiconductor LED increases light extraction sevenfold. Such structures are of...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Enabling Subcellular pH Sensing
A team of scientists at Rice University in Houston has reported that gold nanoshells — structures on the order of 100 nm in diameter comprising a nonconducting core and an outer layer of gold — can be functionalized to yield surface-enhanced Raman...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Images Reveal Shape, Orientation of Nanoparticles
Using a variant of confocal microscopy that illuminates samples with higher-order laser modes, investigators at Universität Tübingen in Germany have produced images of gold nanospheres and nanorods that offer information about both the shape and the...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Improving Optical Free-Form Production
Production of free-form optics is one of the most challenging areas in the precision optics industry, creating continuously increasing demands on the machine manufacturers. Free-form optics include rotationally symmetric parts, such as aspheres and...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Lensless X-ray Microscopy Images Nanocrystals
Scientists at the University of Illinois in Urbana have used coherent hard x-rays to produce 3-D images of 750-nm lead nanocrystals with a spatial resolution of 40 nm. With improved detectors and more powerful sources of coherent x-rays, they...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Making Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Flexible
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy helps to shed light on the behavior of molecules in aqueous solutions by measuring fluctuations in fluorescence intensity. Typically, data is collected from a single, fixed-focus position within the sample....
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Plasma Deposition Yields Thin Films of Optically Active Dyes
Scientists in Europe have reported the development of a single-step, room-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process that yields polymeric thin films incorporating isolated rhodamine molecules. They note that the method is...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Remote Laser Welding in Industrial Applications
The market for industrial laser systems is very mature and has been growing steadily for almost 30 years. In 1979, the first two-dimensional laser-cutting systems were introduced as tools for the fabrication industry. Today, this market has expanded...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Robust Light Propagated in Ultralarge-Mode-Area Fibers
In the past few years, ytterbium-doped fiber lasers have achieved diffraction-limited outputs at multiple kilowatt levels, and they now compete with or surpass their more complex counterparts: bulk, solid-state lasers. An all-fiber approach offers...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Suspended Nanotubes Imaged by Photoluminescence
The luminescent response of optically pumped single-walled carbon nanotubes may be used to create images of the structures, report scientists from the Institute for Microstructural Sciences in Ottawa and from the University of Ottawa. Employed as a...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
UV-Shifted Silicon Devices for Imaging and Detection
Ultraviolet and vacuum UV detection and imaging sensors are required for scientific instrumentation — UV spectrometers and camera systems — used to evaluate the uniformity of beams in vacuum UV lithography equipment. Conventional CCD and CMOS...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Visionary Hookups
The good thing about standards, it has been said, is that there are so many to choose from. That is certainly proving to be the case for the standards used to operate the interfaces of machine vision cameras. With the properly matched camera...
Photonics Spectra, September 2006
Building Semiconductor Structures in Optical Fiber
The backbone of the information superhighway comprises optical fiber. Optical fiber technology has lead to the revolution in telecommunications and is affecting many other fields, from defense and remote sensing to biomedicine. This impact is...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Cavity-Enhanced Evanescent Waves Trap Microparticles
Like surfers riding an ocean swell, micron-size particles respond to light and can be trapped and arranged in regular patterns. However, it has been difficult to produce a strong enough optical interaction to achieve this micromanipulation over...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Confocal Raman Microscopy Studies Drug-Membrane Interactions
Investigating drug-membrane interactions, such as a drug’s ability to pass through a membrane or to bind to proteins within it, helps researchers understand the effects of drugs on membrane functions. Christopher B. Fox, Robert A. Horton and Joel M....
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Excimer Laser Advances Enable High-Performance Flat Panel Displays
Many high-performance flat panel displays, including the latest active-matrix organic LED and system-on-panel devices, are based on polycrystalline silicon (“polysilicon”) rather than on the more widely used amorphous silicon....
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Fizeau Interferometers Evaluated Using FlashPhase and Phase-Shift Fringe Analysis
Interferometers have been conventional tools for the optical industry and for optical engineering and research for at least three decades. They are used in optical metrology, in the semiconductor industry, for military applications, for laser design...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Laminated OLEDs Avoid Vacuum Processing
Investigators at GE Global Research in Niskayuna, N.Y., may have found a way to make OLEDs practical for general lighting applications. They have demonstrated a simple roll-to-roll lamination process that could be used to fabricate an OLED-based...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Luminescence of Sulfur-Doped ZnO Nanostructures and Powders Characterized
To better understand the potential of sulfur-doped ZnO for use in solid-state lighting applications, investigators from Duke University in Durham, N.C., and from the US Army’s Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center at...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Making Gold in a Polyvinyl Alcohol Film
Fabricating gold nanoparticles in a polymer film by laser excitation is not new, but the problem has been that the high energy of the laser can damage the thin film. Researchers at Osaka University in Japan were interested in this method, however,...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Near-Field Technique Spectrally Maps Nanoparticles and Viruses
Apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy produces high-resolution optical images by irradiating with a laser an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe in proximity to a sample to create a concentrated near-field spot of illumination at the...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Oligomeric Derivatives Yield Efficient Blue OLED
In the pursuit of better blue-emitting materials for organic LEDs (OLED), scientists in China have fabricated emitters based on derivatives of oligo(phenylenevinylene) that display CIE color coordinates of (0.154, 0.255) and a luminous efficiency of...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
Optical Limiting in Metal Nanowires Studied
Optical limiters transmit low-intensity but block high-intensity light, making them suitable for use in applications such as the protection of sensors and the human eye from laser radiation. In the pursuit of alternative material for such devices,...
Photonics Spectra, August 2006
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