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The Merits of Various Types of CCDs for Spectroscopy Applications
Recent developments in CCD detectors for spectroscopy have produced a bewildering range of options, from the standard, front-illuminated CCD with its moderate quantum efficiency and limited wavelength coverage, through the broadband open-electrode device with relatively good quantum efficiency and wavelength coverage, to the ultimate sensitivity of the back-illuminated CCD. Add to these the intensified and electron-multiplying CCDs, and the choices may seem daunting. Figure 1. Recent...
Photonics Spectra, November 2005
The Quest to Siliconize Photonics
The siliconization of electronics over the past few decades has changed the face of the world. It has not only made what was once considered supercomputer-level computing readily available to almost anyone, it also has given us the ability to...
Photonics Spectra, November 2005
Toward Your Very Own Genome
The cost of sequencing an individual’s genome today is at least $10 million, which is much too high to allow studies of the genetic basis for disease or to make genomic sequencing part of standard medical care. That’s why the National Human...
Photonics Spectra, November 2005
UV LEDs Excite Biological Fluorophores
Researchers at the Institute of Materials Science and Applied Research at Vilnius University in Lithuania have used deep-ultraviolet LEDs to perform frequency domain fluorescence measurements for the real-time identification of hazardous biological...
Photonics Spectra, November 2005
Automotive Night Vision Enhanced by Near-Infrared Technology
Driving becomes more difficult after sunset. Not only is visibility generally reduced, but an even more serious challenge on unlighted roads are the headlamps of approaching vehicles, which can dazzle a driver’s eyes. Night-vision systems can help...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Controller Speeds Atomic Force Microscopy
The speed of operation of the atomic force microscope (AFM) is being pushed in biological and other applications where milliseconds count. Obtaining accurate sample profiles is still a limiting factor in the fast operation of AFMs. Now researchers...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Electron Microscopy Images Working Nanodevices
To enable a better understanding of the behavior of electronic and mechanical systems constructed of nanoscale parts, a research team at the University of California, Berkeley, and at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, also in California, has...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
InAs Quantum Dots Self-Organize on Microdisks
A self-organization process identified by scientists at Stanford University’s Solid State and Photonics Laboratory in California promises to facilitate the fabrication of devices in which quantum dots are coupled with microcavities, such as for...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
LEDs Steer Microscopic Beasts of Burden
At Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., scientists have reported that microorganisms can play the part of “microoxen,” being hitched to a load, directed to pull it to the desired location and unharnessed. In a proof-of-principle demonstration of...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Machine Vision Checks Chicken and Confirms Cookies
John Stewart would like to make your next meal of chicken strips or nuggets cheaper and healthier. Stewart, a research engineer at Georgia Tech Research Institute in Atlanta, is working on a machine vision system that he hopes will be used to spot...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Nanoparticle White-Light Emitter Based on Up-Conversion Demonstrated
Alternative sources of white light, such as LEDs and organic LEDs, are under investigation for applications ranging from the backlighting of displays to general lighting. Now scientists at the University of Victoria and at the University of British...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Patterned Metal Films Focus Surface Plasmon Polaritons
A team of investigators at the University of California, Berkeley, has demonstrated that circles and ellipses milled in silver films can focus surface plasmon polaritons. The development may enable the creation of ultrasmall integrated...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Photonics Measures the Quality of Automotive Paint
Some people like bright colors and high gloss on their cars for the appearance of cleanliness and newness. As a result, US automakers have used metallic paints for more than 50 years, enhancing gloss by incorporating tiny mirrorlike flakes of...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Quantum-Dot Films Display Strong Photoluminescence
A sol-gel fabrication technique developed at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology in Ikeda, Japan, yields thin films of quantum dots that exhibit photoluminescent efficiencies comparable to that of semiconductor...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Research and Development of Left-Handed Materials Continues
Researchers are considering the optical equivalent of the Zen koan about the sound of one hand clapping. In optics, however, there’s a twist: It isn’t the use of two hands that is the norm. Typically, such widely used applications and components as...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Solid Immersion Microscopy Images Quantum Dots
Researchers at Boston University and at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colo., have used a lens that increases numerical aperture with solid immersion microscopy to collect photoluminescence spectra from individual...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
Superluminescent LEDs Enter the Mainstream
Superluminescent LEDs, also known as high-power LEDs and “laser diodes operating below threshold,” are semiconductor light sources that have a broadband output optical spectrum, like LEDs, at high power levels, like laser diodes. This combination is...
Photonics Spectra, October 2005
A Clear View of Fused Silica Transmission Gratings
Diffraction gratings have been manufactured for more than 200 years. Their development was driven initially by the requirements of spectroscopy, where they have been applied since Joseph von Fraunhofer’s work in the early 1800s. For many years,...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Advances in Lasers on a Chip
Microfluidic technology has miniaturized many instruments used in biotechnology and medicine into devices about the size of a microscope slide. Developers of these devices, commonly called labs on a chip or biochips, want to achieve maximum...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Blue Electroluminescence from a Single Polymer Layer
Interest in organic LEDs is largely due to their potential for cost-effective device fabrication. Research conducted at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge is helping to streamline the process by demonstrating stable blue...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Building Better LEDs from the Bottom Up
An LED manufacturing technique that promises to enable the production of brighter and more efficient devices has been demonstrated by investigators from National Cheng Kung University in T’ai-nan and Wu-Feng Institute of Technology in Chia-i, both...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Hybrid Microscopy Reveals Surface Plasmon Dynamics
By combining the techniques of interferometric time-resolved two-photon emission and photoelectron emission microscopy, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh have generated movies of the dynamic behavior of surface plasmons on a silver grating....
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Imaging Sphere Enables Rapid Source Intensity Mapping
Many photonic applications require the ability to calculate luminous intensity; that is, light intensity as a function of angle. For example, measuring output as a function of angle helps characterize light sources, luminaires and displays, and the...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Imaging with Electrons, Aided by Light
Researchers at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena have developed an instrument with the spatial resolution of an electron microscope and the imaging speed of an optical microscope. They have dubbed it the ultrafast electron...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
Microscopy Images Photocurrent in Nanowire Detector
Using a near-field scanning optical microscope, researchers at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., have produced two-dimensional maps of the photocurrent in a metal/semiconductor/metal photodetector constructed from a single nanowire. The...
Photonics Spectra, September 2005
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