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Femtosecond Lasers Carve out a Niche in Micromachining
The drive for miniaturization in electronics, photonics and biomedical devices is spurring an ever-growing need for laser micromachining. Femtosecond laser pulses provide unique capabilities for producing features as small as a few tens of nanometers and for creating microscopic holes, cuts and structures within transparent materials. Laser micromachining must meet two important goals. First, it must be able to create extremely small features and, second, this must be accomplished with...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Light Tamers
From sophisticated deep-UV steppers to indoor-outdoor lighting applications, passing through rear-projection television screens and consumer electronic displays, one finds a common optical component: diffusers. These devices homogenize and...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Manufacturing Matters with Tunable Lasers
One problem faced by manufacturers of full-band-tunable laser modules is the need for close cost parity with existing fixed or partially tunable devices. A key step in achieving this goal involves standardizing as much of the fabrication and...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Manufacturing Strategy Combats Laser Price Pressures
The manufacturing yield of single-mode lasers for modern fiber optic communications systems is surprisingly low, typically 50 percent or less, a problem that also can extend to tunable lasers. The source in a fiber optic communications system...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Nondestructive Inspection: Choosing the Right Microfocus X-ray Source and Detector
Of all nondestructive test methods, only x-ray technology enables visual detection of defects beneath the surface of opaque components, assemblies and finished products. This has made it an essential tool in multiple manufacturing sectors, including...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Resolution Considerations for Color Imaging Technique
Among the methods for color image creation and sampling, two popular techniques in common use are single-shot color mosaic sampling and three-shot color sampling. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. With single-shot color mosaic...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
RGB Source Powers Up Laser Projection Displays
Despite being considerably more expensive than TV sets, liquid crystal display projectors are finding their way into many homes. Their large projection area and deep color saturation generate something close to a cinematic experience in the living...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Slashing the Costs of High-Precision Micromachining
Nanosecond pulses from Q-switched, solid-state lasers have long been used in a variety of machining applications. More precise micromachining can be accomplished with the UV pulses from excimer lasers and with femtosecond pulses from ultrafast...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Standardizing Tunable Lasers
In 2001, when the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) in Fremont, Calif., began work on a tunable laser implementation agreement, the specifications for commercially available tunable lasers — such as footprints, electrical specifications and...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
The Human Visual System Provides Clues to Better Object Recognition
Machine-based vision systems, such as those used in the factory, at security checkpoints and in smart weapons, would greatly benefit if they could more closely match the remarkable ability of human vision for object recognition. Although generally...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Tunable Telecom Lasers Promote Flexibility First
With the telecom market showing signs of improvement, interest in tunable lasers is growing. Service providers are looking to the technology not just for sparing and inventory replacement, but also to reduce network operating costs in...
Photonics Spectra, June 2004
Advanced Instrumentation Benefits Microelectronics Manufacturing
Laser-based processing has been a key enabling technology in improving the quality and reducing the size of devices such as cell phones, laptop computers, digital cameras and MP3 players. As manufacturers continue to press for even greater device...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Calibration and Traceability Ensure Measurement Accuracy
Researchers, scientists, test engineers and technicians who perform absolute power measurements expect them to be accurate and consistent. As lasers become more powerful, there is increasing concern with measurement consistency and, consequently,...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Fiber Optics Guide Intense Light to the Target
In machine vision applications, lighting strategies based on the use of fiber optics can range from directional-front to diffuse-axial, coaxial, backlit, polarized-front, ring-bright-field and ring-dark-field illumination (see figure). Compared with...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
How an Imaging Sensor Feeds Off Light
Today, most machine vision systems still rely on some type of CCD imaging sensor, although CMOS devices also are gaining favor. The primary lighting-related differences between these types of sensors are linked to two basic issues: fill factor and...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Integrating Spheres Boost Repeatability of Diode Tests
In the past few years, laser applications and, consequently, laser manufacture have experienced a significant increase. Although the upsurge has been driven primarily by telecom’s explosive growth, the rising medical and industrial laser markets...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
LED Lighting Heats Up
There is no question that LED lighting is continuing to make inroads into the machine vision market, mainly because the technology’s strengths outweigh its inherent weaknesses in a variety of general applications. Because of the compactness of...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Machine Vision Lighting: A Study in Contrast
In its most basic sense, the lighting strategy for almost any machine vision inspection will use fiber-optic-based, light-emitting-diode, fluorescent or structured laser light sources. The question that ultimately determines lighting success is also...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Material Affects Lighting Setup
A key step in developing the illumination strategy for any machine vision application is to determine how the component being inspected will reflect and transmit light. Some aspects of this are fairly basic. If the material is opaque, frontlighting...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Measuring Laser Power
Where laser precision is imperative, testing the laser power is a necessity. Whether in industrial, medical or environmental applications, ensuring that the power level falls within certain guidelines improves quality control and reduces downtime...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Micromirror Technology Enables More Than Projectors
Digital light processing (DLP), which has gained wide acceptance in light modulation for video and data projectors and big-screen high-definition TVs, now enables dozens of emerging applications, including lithography, scientific instrumentation,...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Optics and Illumination Go Hand in Hand
There are many things to consider from an optical perspective when designing the illumination for a machine vision system. Some are as simple as the use of low-cost optical filters to increase contrast or to reduce unwanted lighting effects (Figure...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Procuring Custom-Designed Lenses: How to Reduce Risk and Improve Results
When lens development programs go awry, the results often include blown schedules, ill-defined nonrecurring engineering programs, overpriced prototypes, rework and worse. To avoid such problems, it helps to establish a seamless line of...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
Scaling Single-Mode Photonic Crystal Fiber Lasers to Kilowatts
The first rare-earth-doped fiber lasers, which produced a few milliwatts at a wavelength of around 1 μm, were operated in the early 1960s. For the next several decades, fiber lasers were little more than a low-power laboratory curiosity....
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
The US Photonics Job Market: Is It Getting Better?
As you talk with people in the photonics industry, you detect a hint of optimism regarding business for the rest of 2004. Some companies have started to see an upswing, which is beginning to be reflected in the want ads. Because many companies...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
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