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Breaking the Single-Cycle Barrier
From Fourier theory, we know that any periodic shape may be formed by combining sinusoidal waves with prescribed amplitudes, frequencies and relative phases. Functions such as a square or sawtooth wave require frequencies covering several octaves of bandwidth. In the acoustic regime, multioctave radiation sources are abundant. A typical concert piano spans seven octaves of bandwidth. The voice of a good opera singer can stretch over nearly four octaves. In optics, a laser is a source of...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
For Atomic Force Microscopy, the Beat Goes On
Researchers have found dynamic force microscopy, or atomic force microscopy (AFM), useful for tracing surfaces on an atomic scale. The technique even may be capable of following biological samples in real time as they twist and turn. The difficulty...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
High-Power, High-Efficiency VCSELs Pursue the Goal
At Princeton Optronics Inc., we intend to meet the goals of the SHEDS program using vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). These devices differ from edge-emitting lasers in that their output beam is perpendicular to the top surface of the...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Miniature Deformable Mirrors Bring Adaptive Optics Within Reach
In 1953, astronomer Horace W. Babcock of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena proposed a method to compensate for atmospheric and figure aberrations in the optical path of telescopes. In his approach, a rotating knife edge placed in front...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Overcoming Hurdles on the Road to More Efficient Diodes
Although Novalux Inc. has only recently joined the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s SHEDS program, it has been developing high-power, high-efficiency surface-emitting diode lasers for many years. These devices have significant advantages...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Probe Brings Higher Throughput, Resolution to Near-Field Microscopy
A team at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, recently evaluated novel designs for near-field scanning optical microscope probes that provide both high throughput and high resolution. The results of the work suggest that...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Quantum Cascade Lasers: Valuable New Tools for Laser Spectroscopy
Semiconductor lasers emitting in the mid-infrared spectral range between approximately 4 and 13 μm are attractive for a number of applications, such as trace-gas sensing, production and environmental control, medical diagnostics, and free-space...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
SHEDS, Part II
This month, we complete our report on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Super-High Efficiency Diode Sources (SHEDS) program. In the introduction to last month’s articles, we related that, although this program was undertaken for the...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Single-Chip Microsystem Cuts Atomic Force Microscopy Down to Size
Scanning relatively large samples with commercially available atomic force microscopes (AFM) often can be time-consuming because it is performed serially and because the scanning range is limited. Using lasers to detect cantilever deflection adds to...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Slower Growth Forecast for Optical Microscopes
You can’t fight physics. Despite the continued and great advances made in optical microscopy over the more than 300 years since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first presented his observations of bacteria in the Royal Society of England’s Philosophical...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Superpolishing Deep-UV Optics
Demanding ultraviolet laser applications, such as microlithography and lasik, are driving the need for coated optics that deliver superior performance and longer lifetimes. Tremendous advances have been made in both areas in recent years, and to...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
When the Chips Are Down, It's Microscopy to the Rescue
Integrated circuits are modern miracles, cramming tens of millions of transistors into thumbnail-size chips. But there’s a dark lining to this silver cloud — one that a terahertz microscopy technique under investigation by scientists at Okayama...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Addressing Inefficiency in Laser Diodes
At the time the Super High Efficiency Diode Sources (SHEDS) program started in September 2003, nLight’s highest-performing 940-nm semiconductor lasers operated near 50 percent overall efficiency. In little more than a year, the improvements...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
Advances in Optical Filters for the Life Sciences
Photonics technologies find application in many analytical instruments in the life sciences. In drug development, for example, photonics enables high-specificity, high-throughput screening for the identification of drug targets and for the genetic...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
Developing Standards for the Automated Imaging Industry
One of the greatest challenges to automated imaging manufacturers is to build equipment to widely accepted standards, thereby assuring compatibility, reduced costs and increased market acceptance. Several standards are in place, some developed by...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
Digital X-Ray Detectors Continue to Thrive in Medical Industry
Digital flat panel x-ray detectors illustrate how an established technology can penetrate a new, high-growth market. This is apparent in their use in medical imaging, where they continue to show great promise for growth as a result of their...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
Improving the Power Conversion Efficiency of Diode Lasers
The heart of a diode laser is the gain medium, known as the quantum well, which is buried inside a waveguide in the middle of a semiconductor junction. The quantum well has appropriately tailored energy levels such that an electric current through...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
LEDs Continue to Advance
LEDs have entered the mainstream in many applications as a result of the increases in their luminous flux, the availability of an extensive range of colors, and their inherent technological benefits compared with conventional filament-based light...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
Measuring High-Power Diode Laser Efficiency
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been tasked by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency with providing wall-plug efficiency and spectral measurements of high-power, high-efficiency laser diodes and arrays as part...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
Military Project Aims to Improve Diode Laser Efficiency
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Super High Efficiency Diode Sources (SHEDS) program is a military undertaking with huge implications for the commercial laser marketplace. SHEDS’ goal is to increase the efficiency of semiconductor...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
Modeling High-Power Solid-State Lasers
Unlike other contributors to the Super High Efficiency Diode Sources (SHEDS) program, we are not addressing the efficiency of semiconductor lasers in our laboratory at the University of Central Florida. Instead, we are mathematically modeling...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
New Environments Pose New Challenges for Imaging Components
The world of automated imaging has expanded substantially from its origins in scientific and industrial machine vision applications, and it will continue to advance into new markets in the coming year. Driven by improved component technology, faster...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
New Opportunities for Terahertz Research
The “terahertz gap” occupies frequencies between 300 GHz and 10 THz and lies between the traditional microwave and optical regions. The term “gap” derives from the historical inaccessibility of this region, a consequence of poor component...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
New Spectroscopy Methods Discover the Tiniest Particles
As recently as a few decades ago, most manufacturing industries worried only about those contaminants in their processes that were large enough to cause product failure or customer complaints. In contrast, troubleshooting labs today run on continual...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
New Technology Moves LEDs into Consumer Applications
Major advancements in LED technologies are making new lighting products and effects possible. Over the past few years, we’ve witnessed the advent of seven colors and a white LED in high-power packaging, along with silicon and plastic lenses that...
Photonics Spectra, January 2005
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