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Microscopy Features
Defining the Relationship Between Nanotube Length
and Optical Response
Single-walled carbon nanotubes have numerous optical properties of interest to physicists and electronics engineers. However, whereas these nanometer-scale constructs have been well-studied regarding the influence of diameter and chirality on their optical properties, little has been understood about the precise effect that nanotube length has on optical response. Optical absorption spectra for various lengths of single-walled carbon nanotubes with a chirality of (6,5) are shown. AP = as...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Low-Temperature Flexible Sensors Use Ink-Jet Patterning
Flexible electronics are used in supermarket labeling and in identification tags and could be used in large sensors for scanning cargo or packaging. As flexible electronics find their way into new applications, manufacturers are faced with problems...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Microscopy Used to Profile Refractive Index
A microscopy technique that measures the refractive index profile of an optical waveguide has been devised by researchers in Taiwan. An accurate profile is used, in turn, to determine the mode properties of the waveguide, which are important in...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Photonics with a French Twist
An official competitiveness cluster since 2005, the Route des Lasers (or Laser Highway) operates similarly to a trade association. Located in the Aquitaine region of France, stretching from the city of Bordeaux to the Arcachon basin on the Atlantic...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Spotting Very Thin Graphite Layers
Researchers are focusing on graphite monolayers, called graphene, because of their electrical and optical properties. In their quest to use graphene to build devices, however, they confront a basic problem. The simplest technique for producing the...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Supercontinuum Light Source Simplifies Detection of Multiple Fluorophores
By taking a holistic approach, researchers at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor have developed a multicolor fluorescence detection scheme that uses a fast, broadband white light to excite several types of fluorophores. A time-resolved detector...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Developing a Nondestructive Way to Characterize Cement Alternatives
The production of Portland cement — with which concrete is made — is responsible for about 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions. Among the efforts to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions is the scientific investigation of geopolymers made from...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Double-Pulse Format for Improved Laser Drilling
Lasers have been used to produce high-aspect-ratio holes — i.e., holes whose depth-to-diameter ratio is much greater than 10:1 — for applications that include oil galleries in engine blocks, aerospace turbine-engine cooling holes and for scientific...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Patterning Films with Fewer Steps
A team of researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and from Anvik Corp. of Hawthorne, N.Y., has demonstrated a fabrication technique that inscribes patterns onto thin films of indium tin oxide in fewer steps than are typically...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Scanning Light Microscopy Uses Nonlinear Properties of KNbO3 Nanowires
Efficient second harmonic generation and wave mixing make potassium niobate (KNbO3) nanowires ideal sources of tunable, coherent light and instruments for subwavelength microscopy, according to Peidong Yang and his group from the University of...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Solar Cells, Array Films Constructed from Nanotubes
Thin-film solar cells have been fabricated from double-walled carbon nanotubes, a material that is relatively untapped in photovoltaic designs but that offers high photoconductivity, mobility and stability. Researchers from Tsinghua University in...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Using Lithography to Enhance LED Efficiency
To increase the brightness of LEDs, the devices’ current-spreading layers can be synthesized from indium tin oxide instead of nickel and gold. Texturing the surface of the indium tin oxide layers can boost light output further. However, techniques...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Adding Depth to Spectroscopy Imaging
Conventional spectrometers examine just one location that scientists hope is representative of a whole sample. With spectroscopic imaging, a single point of information can be replaced by measurements from many locations. Now researchers at the...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Detecting Motion, No Matter How Small
A virus isn’t big. A few years ago, a nanomechanical sensor found that one tipped the scale at a few attograms. Such instruments now have the potential to sense mass an order of magnitude smaller, on the scale of zeptograms. However, small-scale...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Electrified Liquid Crystals Make Nanorods Stand Up
Unlike spherical and otherwise-shaped nanostructures, semiconductor nanorods cause light to polarize along their axis. But without the ability to coordinate their orientation, the nanorods’ special capability cannot be fully utilized. Scientists at...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Helium-Ion Microscopy
When it comes to imaging at high magnifications, the traditional optical microscope has given way to a number of alternative technologies, each with its advantages and its shortcomings. One, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), has been around...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Infrared Detection at Room Temperature with Single-Electron Resolution
Infrared signals with wavelengths longer than 1.2 μm often are excluded by the selectivity of silicon-based sensors. Sensors that use electron-hole pair generation require photons to have energy greater than the 1.1-eV bandgap energy of...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers Light Up All-Optical Signal Processing
For many years, optics scientists have been looking for all-optical signal processing materials that enable one light beam to be controlled by another. However, most optical materials are linear and allow light beams to pass through without...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Spectral Methods for Biological Analysis
An exciting development in light microscopy is the increasing availability of signal detection systems that record high-resolution emission spectra at each pixel in an image. These systems can be used for biological applications such as...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Tracking Nanoparticles the Easy Way
Visualizing single nanoparticles and following them in three dimensions is useful for scientific applications ranging from examining biological cells to studying mixing in microfluidics. However, tracking nanoparticles in 3-D requires imaging...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
A Smart, Small Scanner
A team of researchers from Japan has shown that even the smallest optical scanner can pack plenty of smarts, thanks to innovations in fabrication. A group comprising members from the Tokyo-based National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and...
Photonics Spectra, July 2007
AFM Characterizes Bubbles that Should Not Be
Nanobubbles should not exist because they defy a law of physics. Bubbles with nanometer-size radii should have high pressure within them that causes them to be squeezed out in less than a second, according to LaPlace’s Law. However, nanobubbles last...
Photonics Spectra, July 2007
Manufacturing Large LCDs while Maintaining Yields
As thin-film transistor LCD panel makers produce increasingly larger televisions, fewer displays fit onto the glass substrate during the production process. Whereas fifteen 32-in.-wide displays fit onto an eighth-generation substrate, only six...
Photonics Spectra, July 2007
Solar Technology: Seeking Its Day in the Sun
Throughout its long history, Japan has been known as the land of the rising sun. A modern adaptation of that moniker might be the land of the multiplying solar panels. The roof of Terminal 2 at Munich International Airport in Germany was...
Photonics Spectra, July 2007
Speedy Spectroscopy of Single Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles present distinct research problems. Because of variations among production batches, investigators tend to choose to study individual particles. Doing so, however, is technically challenging, and it is difficult to generate meaningful...
Photonics Spectra, July 2007
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