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Production-Scale Vapor-Phase Deposition Demonstrated for Organic LEDs
Organic LEDs have intrinsic characteristics that make them promising for such applications as flat panel displays. They may enable displays that are lighter, thinner and use less electrical power than those based on liquid crystal, but they must also be inexpensive. One driver of the cost of organic LEDs is the technique used to deposit the layers of materials in the manufacturing process. One technology that may reduce this cost is organic vapor-phase deposition, which proof-of-principle...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
The Evolution of Diamond for Optical Component Finishing
Monocrystalline diamond abrasives, both natural and synthetic, are used widely in the lapping and polishing steps of optical component manufacturing, but inherent structural defects will limit their application in the fabrication of next-generation...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
Adaptive Optics Reveals Details on Galaxy Collisions
The dynamic interaction of galaxies is believed to play a fundamental role in stellar evolution. The compression created in interstellar gas as two galaxies collide can cause shock waves that trigger the formation of stars composed of a different...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
In-Fiber Light Powers Active Fiber Optical Components
Fiber optic devices such as fiber gratings are key components for optical sensing and communications applications. They offer several important advantages over other optical and electronic techniques, including low manufacturing costs, immunity to...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
Infrared Astronomy Takes Saturn's Temperature
As anyone who has been caught in a rainstorm without an umbrella can testify, weather modeling and prediction are not exact sciences. Although the basic physics underlying atmospheric dynamics is relatively straightforward, complexity grows rapidly...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
Mid-IR Imaging Suggests Recent Collisions Around Beta Pictoris
In the two decades since the Infrared Astronomical Satellite mission revealed the presence of a dust disk around Beta Pictoris, astronomers have turned to the main sequence star for clues to better comprehend how our own solar system came to be. Now...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
Multispectral Imaging of Mars Reveals a Long-Dry Planet
The latest word on martian water and the possibility of life on the Red Planet comes courtesy of Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces et l’Activité, or Omega, a visible and infrared mapping spectrometer aboard the European Space...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
New South Pole Telescope Seeks Neutrinos in Ice
A telescope under construction at the South Pole will be employed to study the high-energy subatomic particles known as neutrinos. IceCube, as the telescope is called, will consist of up to 4800 basketball-size instruments spread throughout 1 km3 of...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
RoHS Environmental Legislation Hits Hard
The mercury in one compact fluorescent lightbulb may not pose much of a health hazard, but when all electronic parts are taken as a whole across the globe, the level of hazardous materials is monumental. But now, a directive legislated by the...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
Sealed CO2 Lasers Powering the Engraving Market
Over the past decade, sealed carbon dioxide lasers have evolved into economical, workhorse tools used in a wide range of industrial tasks, including cutting nylon airbags, trimming molded plastics and scribing ceramics, to name just a few. In the...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
Successful Detector Design Is a Game of Give and Take
InGaAs short-wave infrared imaging is growing rapidly. In military circles, it is emerging as a complement to thermal imaging for covert surveillance, fire control and training, and as the ideal solution for eye-safe laser imaging. In commercial...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
UV Spectroscopy Detects Martian Nightglow
When atmospheres settle down for the night, they glow as photodissociated atoms stream from dayside to night-side and combine in the dark. Scientists analyze this effect, called nightglow, because it reveals facts about atmospheric composition and...
Photonics Spectra, April 2005
CAD Integration Opens Up Optical Design Possibilities
The worlds of computer-aided design (CAD), manufacturing and engineering have gradually welcomed simulation tools enabling the modeling of mechanics, machining, thermal effects, motion dynamics, vibration and acoustic phenomena, but until now...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Controlling Spontaneous Emission with Photonic Crystals
Nearly two decades ago, photonic bandgap crystals were proposed as the ultimate means for controlling the propagation and emission of light.1,2 Since that time, research into photonic crystals has exploded, with much attention devoted to controlling...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Design Software Meets Needs in Bio-Optics
The fields of genomics and drug discovery would not exist as we know them without the optical systems that enable DNA sequencers, gel imagers, polymerase chain reaction machines, microarray imagers and microfluidics systems to produce the data that...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Image Fiber Delivers Vision of the Future
For remote or semiflexible viewing systems, ultrathin image fiber delivers vision to previously inconceivable locations. Until recently, applications for this type of optical fiber have been in the medical industry, primarily in endoscopes. Because...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
In Laser Safety, Little Mistakes Can Have Big Consequences
One cannot help but wonder why laser eye accidents have not diminished in frequency as laser technology has matured over the years. Why have these injuries not been eradicated, like smallpox? Surely we understand the biological and psychological...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Machine Vision Is More Than on the Mark
Northrop Grumman Corp., like any other defense contractor, needs to track parts throughout the production line and onward through subsequent use. That need is faced by automotive parts suppliers as well and is a nearly universal aspiration among all...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Single-Photon Counters Get a Second Wind
Standard PIN and linear-mode avalanche photodiodes are the devices of choice for most light-detection applications. However, at ultralow-light levels, these detectors fall short because the noise of the readout electronics becomes greater than the...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Software Speeds Measurement and Modeling of Air-Silica Photonic Crystals
Research into photonic crystals has been in vogue for some time, but real commercial use of these materials has yet to be demonstrated. The keys to their eventual success as a platform for integrated photonics lie in the exploration of new materials...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Wavelength Conversion of Slowly Varying Signals: An Implementation of Liquid Crystal Photonic Bandgap Fibers
Photonic crystal fibers, usually made from silica, have a microstructured cross section of airholes running along their length. In recent years, much attention has been focused on the development and design of the fibers for various applications,...
Photonics Spectra, March 2005
Breaking the Single-Cycle Barrier
From Fourier theory, we know that any periodic shape may be formed by combining sinusoidal waves with prescribed amplitudes, frequencies and relative phases. Functions such as a square or sawtooth wave require frequencies covering several octaves of...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
For Atomic Force Microscopy, the Beat Goes On
Researchers have found dynamic force microscopy, or atomic force microscopy (AFM), useful for tracing surfaces on an atomic scale. The technique even may be capable of following biological samples in real time as they twist and turn. The difficulty...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
High-Power, High-Efficiency VCSELs Pursue the Goal
At Princeton Optronics Inc., we intend to meet the goals of the SHEDS program using vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). These devices differ from edge-emitting lasers in that their output beam is perpendicular to the top surface of the...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
Miniature Deformable Mirrors Bring Adaptive Optics Within Reach
In 1953, astronomer Horace W. Babcock of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena proposed a method to compensate for atmospheric and figure aberrations in the optical path of telescopes. In his approach, a rotating knife edge placed in front...
Photonics Spectra, February 2005
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