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Sharp Corners and Kaleidoscopes Lead to Novel Microscopy Techniques
Researchers at Harvard Medical School in Boston have developed two microscopy techniques: a near-field method that offers potentially better performance than other superresolution techniques and a “mirror tunnel” approach that promises high-resolution, wide-field imaging. The first, dubbed differential near-field scanning optical microscopy, overcomes one of the problems with conventional aperture-based subwavelength imaging. The resolution of such methods is set by the aperture size, with...
Photonics Spectra, January 2007
Silicon Nanowires Act as Nanoscale Avalanche Photodetectors
Researchers at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., have synthesized PIN silicon nanowires with single-crystal structures and uniform diameters that demonstrate potential for use as avalanche photodetectors in integrated photonic systems. The...
Photonics Spectra, January 2007
Transient Form of Two-Dimensional IR Spectroscopy
Shows Molecules in Motion
Understanding the way that molecules operate means digging deeply — examining not only their structures, but also how they change shape under various conditions. Techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray crystallography help...
Photonics Spectra, January 2007
White Polymer LEDs Incorporate New Dopant
Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and at the University of California, Los Angeles, have demonstrated white LEDs that feature emission layers of the orange-emitting polymer...
Photonics Spectra, January 2007
3-D Vision Gets Real
Many classes of commercial and consumer products would benefit from the ability to visually sense their environment and react to what is happening in real time. These products would have to operate in dynamic, variably lit real-world environments....
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Adaptive Headlights Aim to Ease Nighttime Driving Hazards
Despite the fact that the optical performance of novel headlight systems for motor vehicles has increased impressively in recent years, nighttime driving is still loaded with risks. In Europe, for example, 47 percent of all fatalities happen at...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Adaptive Optical Solutions
The fundamental dilemma in forward lighting is the converse relationship between providing sufficient visibility for the driver and limiting the excess glare generated toward oncoming traffic. Research performed at the University of Michigan...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Capturing Hot Fluorescent Images
Roberto Etchenique and Oscar Filevich of Universidad de Buenos Aires in Argentina were attempting to carry out time-lapse measurements of cell cultures in long-term experiments. However, for such investigations, temperature stability is a necessity....
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Compound White OLED Proves Efficient
Researchers at Princeton University in New Jersey and at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor have fabricated a compound fluorescent/phosphor-sensitized fluorescent white OLED capable of achieving 100 percent internal quantum efficiency. The...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Getting to the (Very Small) Point of Imaging
Sometimes ideas pan out better than expected. Such is the case with an imaging innovation from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Under the direction of assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry Brian M. Cullum, researchers there...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Imperfect Tapping, Imperfect Image
Despite the saying, sometimes you can’t believe it when you see it. Researchers at Université de Technologie de Troyes in France, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois have shown that this...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
LEDs in Exterior Vehicle Lighting
LED lighting is a complete paradigm shift in vehicle lighting. Filament bulbs have been the only means for providing illumination in and on vehicles since 1910, when the first electric lamps were fitted to a production model. Now, solid-state...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Measurement and Manipulation for Nanotechnology
Understanding the structure, function and stimulus response of individual molecules and other nanoscale structures is becoming increasingly important in research in all branches of hard sciences, in engineering and in materials development. The...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Method Positions and Deposits ZnO Nanowires
Scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee have employed electric fields to align single crystalline ZnO nanowires with support electrodes and electrostatic forces to bind them in place. In a demonstration of the potential utility of their...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
New Materials Advance Automotive Lighting
Automotive manufacturers have always used distinctive styling as a means of differentiating their vehicles from the competition, and now we’re seeing different styles in headlight design (Figure 1). Advances in lighting technologies such as LEDs,...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Noise in Imaging: The Good, the Bad and the Right
In digital imaging applications, noise is commonly assumed to be bad, a characteristic that makes images worse. Although many types of noise are known, their origin and, more importantly, their impact on images is often misunderstood. Figure 1....
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Optimizing Automotive LED Lighting
Headlights and taillights have been on automobiles for about as long as automobiles have had rubber tires, and filament lamps have provided their light for just about as long. The size and shape of the filament have kept the optical designs of these...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Perplexed by Polarizers?
When engineers, chemists and physicists discuss polarization, they could be talking about anything from the diffraction efficiency of a hologram to the precision of a micromachining laser to the brightness of an LCD system. With such diverse...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Shrinking Features, Shrinking Wavelengths
As semiconductor feature sizes shrink, manufacturers need a light touch — and at the right wavelength. A look at three areas — lithography, metrology and assembly — shows how photonics-based innovations are tackling some of the semiconductor...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Technique Creates Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Regions in Microfluidic Channels
Using a photoinitiated chemical process from polymer chemistry, a team of investigators in France has developed a method to create hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions inside microfluidic channels. Potential applications include the design of...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
A Tiny Mirror for a Small Microscope
When it comes to high-resolution confocal images with miniaturized optics, two fibers may be one too many. A microscanner used to enable single-fiber confocal microscopy has a 500 × 500-μm mirror and comb teeth to allow scanning in both...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Femtosecond Laser Promotes Rapid, Localized Nanowire Growth
Optoelectronic devices, including blue laser diodes, LEDs and photodetectors, rely on the wide bandgap (2.8 eV) of semiconductor ZnSe nanowires. Because the fundamental optical and electronic properties of these nanowires depend on size, several...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Finding a Balance in Your Phone Design
When choosing an imager for a mobile phone, designers consider cost, size and image quality — usually in that order. Consumers expect strong camera and phone functionality. They look for sleek handset designs and insist on affordable phones....
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Hybrid LEDs Offer High Brightness and Output Powers
By combining thin-film and flip-chip approaches to LED design, scientists at Philips Lumileds Lighting Co. of San Jose, Calif., have demonstrated blue, green and white devices with higher surface brightness and output powers than are produced by...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Jobs in Photonics
European workers in the photonics industry in 2006 are generally satisfied with their jobs, enjoy prolonged vacations and earn a better-than-average living with their highly specialized, technical knowledge. No big surprises there. The results have...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
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