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Improving Solar Efficiency with Organic Dyes
Although many people regard solar power as a near-perfect form of energy, investigators first will have to overcome two stubborn problems if the renewable resource is ever to move into the mainstream. The twin pitfalls of cost and performance continue to bedevil solar technology. Researchers at the University of Tokyo and at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland report that they have developed through chemical engineering a novel breed of organic dye sensitizer that...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Laser Beams Aren’t the Only Hazards in the Laboratory
The ANSI Z136.1 standard has a sizable section about non-beam hazards in the photonics laboratory. What it tells us is that tunnel vision can be dangerous. If we’re focused only on hazards associated with laser beams, we leave ourselves open to a...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Lasers Support Emerging Solar Industry Needs
Despite its multibillion-dollar size, the solar industry exhibits many characteristics of an emerging sector in terms of manufacturing and product standardization. Indeed, rapid growth in solar cell manufacturing coupled with an extended period of...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
LED Backlighting in Large-Screen Displays
LEDs have been the standard backlighting source in mobile devices for several years. Now televisions, monitors and notebooks all are starting to move toward LED backlighting. Although LEDs cost more, they have several benefits over cold-cathode...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
LED Characterization for Production Quality Control
LEDs have evolved rapidly from use as simple indicator lights to use in more complex arrays and assemblies for illumination, displays, instrument panels, projectors, backlights, and medical and scientific instrumentation. These more sophisticated...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Making Movies with Nanoscale Resolution
In an example of an extreme movie close-up, researchers have used a subwavelength-resolution technique to track synaptic vesicle movement at video rates. Scientists from Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and from European Neuroscience...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Measuring Wind with Light
STUTTGART Wind energy holds promise as a renewable source for the future, but measuring the incoming energy of a wind turbine accurately to generate power estimates still remains tricky. For the newer generation of windmills with large...
Photonics.com, May 2008
Performance Metric for Lighting Fixtures
As the performance of white LEDs has improved, general lighting has become one of the next target applications for LEDs. Although general lighting applications requiring large amounts of light output may take longer to become a reality, applications...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
River Organic Matter Changes with the Seasons
The vast amounts of dissolved organic matter that flow through the Amazon River and its network of tributaries play a significant environmental role in one of the world’s great ecosystems and beyond. As the matter absorbs sunlight, it eventually...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Solid-State Lighting on the Fast Track
One thing true in the semiconductor industry is that, when a problem is well-defined, the solution will be at hand shortly. A few years ago, the LED sector of the semiconductor industry turned its attention to the problem known as solid-state...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Sunlight, Dyes and Inexpensive Semiconductors
In recent decades, the photovoltaic market has experienced tremendous growth — about 20 to 25 percent per year. The growth occurred because of the pressing need to establish renewable energy around the world and because photovoltaic technology was...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Want a White Light? Print It.
It someday may be possible to produce white organic LEDs via printing, courtesy of researchers from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor who have described using organic vapor jet printing to directly pattern devices on a substrate. The technique...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
Watching What Happens During Attoseconds in Solids
New insight into ever-smaller structures of matter and their ever-faster dynamics holds great promise for pushing the frontiers of many fields in science and technology. The speed of electronic processes is determined by the separation of the...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
A Simpler Fabrication Technique for LEDs
The final step in fabricating an LED involves packaging the bare LED chip in an epoxy encapsulation. The epoxy not only protects the chip physically but also serves as a lens to focus the light emitted by the chip. Typically, this encapsulation step...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
A Small Temperature Probe with a Bright Future
To measure temperature on the nanoscale, you need a minuscule thermometer. Now a group of researchers has demonstrated that a fluorescent particle glued to the end of a sharp tip of an atomic force microscope might do the trick. By monitoring...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Detecting Biofouling in Food Processing Systems
Biofilms typically are bacterial and/or fungal organisms that colonize in slime films on the inside surfaces of pipes, vessels and equipment that handle and process liquids. They result from biological fouling, or biofouling for short, and can be...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Fiber Pulling Profits from Precise Positioning
The advent of tunable narrowband lasers in the 1970s gave scientists a powerful tool to control and probe atoms and molecules, opening the door to an exciting world of quantum physics. When atoms and molecules are exposed to the intense...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Food and Water Safety
Molecular sensors can detect trace amounts of molecules present in food and water that signal the presence of danger to humans. The target may be the toxic molecule itself, as in the case of pesticide residues and pollutants, or it may be a...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Incoherent Detection of Airborne Pollutants
Researchers and regulators have a new tool when it comes to detecting airborne pollutants and pinpointing their source, thanks to a group from University College Cork in Ireland. The group’s members have demonstrated an incoherent broadband...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Infrared Spectroscopy Checks on Diet Drinks
Sugar is sweet but aspartame is sweeter, permitting it to be used as a low-calorie sugar substitute in diet soft drinks and other foods. However, some people believe that aspartame’s metabolic by-products strike a sour note and can cause health...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Lensless Soft X-Ray Microscopy System Achieves 70-nm Resolution
Although x-ray crystallography can reveal the structure of molecules, numerous molecules cannot be crystallized and are not found naturally in crystallized form. A relatively new technique called x-ray diffraction microscopy is compatible with...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Light Management for Controlled-Environment Agriculture
Imagine harvesting crops in New York state in the dead of winter. At Cornell University, a hydroponic greenhouse project is making that happen. In the controlled environment, it takes 35 days to grow one head of hydroponic lettuce, yielding a...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Measuring Food Packaging Materials
Packaging is an important aspect of the food industry, especially for frozen items. Packaging that is too thin or that is not made of the right materials could lead to “freezer burn”; on the other hand, overprotecting food leads to unnecessary...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
MEMS Technology Tackles Food and Agricultural Challenges
The food and agriculture industry contributes significantly to the nation’s economy but often is an overlooked sector, particularly where advanced technology development is concerned. The nation is seeking significant enhancements to quality, safety...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Nanobeads Prove Useful for Making Optical Molecular Sensors
Optical chemical sensors are employed for testing in numerous fields, from marine research to the aerospace and automotive industries to medicine and biotechnology. Such sensors often consist of indicator fluorophores in a polymeric...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
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