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Watching What Happens During Attoseconds in Solids
New insight into ever-smaller structures of matter and their ever-faster dynamics holds great promise for pushing the frontiers of many fields in science and technology. The speed of electronic processes is determined by the separation of the energetic states of electrons. In atoms, the binding energy of electrons is on the order of tens to hundreds of electron volts, which explains why electronic processes occur on an attosecond timescale. One attosecond (10–18 s) is the billionth part of a...
Photonics Spectra, April 2008
A Simpler Fabrication Technique for LEDs
The final step in fabricating an LED involves packaging the bare LED chip in an epoxy encapsulation. The epoxy not only protects the chip physically but also serves as a lens to focus the light emitted by the chip. Typically, this encapsulation step...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
A Small Temperature Probe with a Bright Future
To measure temperature on the nanoscale, you need a minuscule thermometer. Now a group of researchers has demonstrated that a fluorescent particle glued to the end of a sharp tip of an atomic force microscope might do the trick. By monitoring...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Detecting Biofouling in Food Processing Systems
Biofilms typically are bacterial and/or fungal organisms that colonize in slime films on the inside surfaces of pipes, vessels and equipment that handle and process liquids. They result from biological fouling, or biofouling for short, and can be...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Fiber Pulling Profits from Precise Positioning
The advent of tunable narrowband lasers in the 1970s gave scientists a powerful tool to control and probe atoms and molecules, opening the door to an exciting world of quantum physics. When atoms and molecules are exposed to the intense...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Food and Water Safety
Molecular sensors can detect trace amounts of molecules present in food and water that signal the presence of danger to humans. The target may be the toxic molecule itself, as in the case of pesticide residues and pollutants, or it may be a...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Incoherent Detection of Airborne Pollutants
Researchers and regulators have a new tool when it comes to detecting airborne pollutants and pinpointing their source, thanks to a group from University College Cork in Ireland. The group’s members have demonstrated an incoherent broadband...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Infrared Spectroscopy Checks on Diet Drinks
Sugar is sweet but aspartame is sweeter, permitting it to be used as a low-calorie sugar substitute in diet soft drinks and other foods. However, some people believe that aspartame’s metabolic by-products strike a sour note and can cause health...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Lensless Soft X-Ray Microscopy System Achieves 70-nm Resolution
Although x-ray crystallography can reveal the structure of molecules, numerous molecules cannot be crystallized and are not found naturally in crystallized form. A relatively new technique called x-ray diffraction microscopy is compatible with...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Light Management for Controlled-Environment Agriculture
Imagine harvesting crops in New York state in the dead of winter. At Cornell University, a hydroponic greenhouse project is making that happen. In the controlled environment, it takes 35 days to grow one head of hydroponic lettuce, yielding a...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Measuring Food Packaging Materials
Packaging is an important aspect of the food industry, especially for frozen items. Packaging that is too thin or that is not made of the right materials could lead to “freezer burn”; on the other hand, overprotecting food leads to unnecessary...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
MEMS Technology Tackles Food and Agricultural Challenges
The food and agriculture industry contributes significantly to the nation’s economy but often is an overlooked sector, particularly where advanced technology development is concerned. The nation is seeking significant enhancements to quality, safety...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Nanobeads Prove Useful for Making Optical Molecular Sensors
Optical chemical sensors are employed for testing in numerous fields, from marine research to the aerospace and automotive industries to medicine and biotechnology. Such sensors often consist of indicator fluorophores in a polymeric...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Nanoparticle Plasmons Used to Enhance Solar Absorption
Researchers seeking to improve solar absorption for the next generation of photovoltaic technology are exploring whether surface plasmon resonances of gold nanoparticles can augment the conversion of photons into usable energy. Although similar...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Optical Filters Go Deeper
The importance of optical applications in the middle-ultraviolet spectral region — between about 200 and 320 nm — continues to increase with the advent of new excitation light sources in this range, also identified as the UVC (200 to 280 nm) and UVB...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Photocurrent Altered with Nanoparticles
Sprinkling nanoparticles over the active face of photodetectors and solar cells could be a relatively easy and inexpensive way to enhance the performance of these devices. But exactly what effect do these tiny particles have, and what size,...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Quantum Dot-Based Displays Benefit from Misty Deposition
LED displays made with nanocrystal quantum dots are enticing because they may offer higher efficiency, brightness and color saturation than existing LED technologies. However, although they have been under development for a couple of years, one...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Saving Money with Laser Processing
Flat panel displays are one of the great modern engineering success stories. They are everywhere — in mobile phones, public displays and even sports arenas. In fact, even now there is a fair chance that you use them every day at home, at work or...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Slicing and Dicing Food and Agricultural Data
Farming has gone high-tech, with optical monitoring taking place from the air and from satellites, on planting and harvesting equipment, and on ground-based sensors. The food and beverage industry uses optical sensing to ensure that raw materials,...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
Total Internal Reflection Interrogates Nanoparticles in
Microfluidic Chips
Whereas traditional methods for measuring nanoparticle dispersions involve time-consuming sample preparation and image analysis, a novel microfluidic device can characterize nanoparticle dispersions in real time. To do so, it employs an integrated...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
VGA Imagers in Camera Phones
Early cell phones had very low resolution imagers, typically 0.1 megapixels. This resulted in barely acceptable picture quality. Consequently, the imager resolution moved quickly from the common intermediate format to video graphics array (VGA),...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
What’s Next for Solid-State Lasers?
Advanced Solid-State Photonics (ASSP) 2008 was held Jan. 27 to 30 in the Noh Theatre of the Nara Prefectural New Public Hall in Japan. It was the first time the conference had been held in Japan, and it produced a host of intriguing papers on topics...
Photonics Spectra, March 2008
A Preference for High-Power Polarizers
As laser energies have increased throughout the years, the selection of appropriate polarization components has become more limited. Until recently, if a system was running greater than about 1 J/cm2, the only options were air-spaced beamsplitter...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Accurate Transmission Measurements of Translucent Materials
Unlike transparent materials that transmit light with no appreciable attenuation or absorption, translucent materials often possess certain properties and physical structures that cause incident light to become scattered as it passes through, which...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Designing with LEDs for Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter Displays
A time multiplexed optical shutter display is an optical system that uses a thin polymeric film as a light valve to locally manipulate the phenomenon of total internal reflection at each pixel. The light valve is a deformable membrane with a...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
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