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Better Doping Detection
The Olympics and other sporting events are all about competition. Unfortunately, the desire to gain an edge can lead to doping — the use of performance-enhancing drugs. Because some of these chemicals are found naturally in varying amounts in athletes, detecting doping with certainty can be difficult. Now there’s a test method that is more sensitive, more capable and faster to perform than previous ones, report researchers from the Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory at the...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Eliminating Systematic Errors in Cylindrical Surface Measurements
Interferometric metrology is the standard process for topographic measurements in the optical shop environment as well as in quality assurance laboratories. In all interferometric instruments, the tested wavefront is compared with a reference, with...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Going Deep
Thanks to advanced sensor and camera technologies, scientific low-light imaging detectors now boast more than 90 percent quantum efficiency, <1 electron root-mean-square read noise and negligible dark current. Although standard and...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
High-Throughput Optical Coating
Sputtering processes for thin-film deposition are naturally energetic and generally do not require additional heat input to generate good morphology. As a result, sputtering is a suitable deposition technique for heat-sensitive substrates such as...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Hot Rockets!
Without a doubt, rocket engines are hot. Variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rockets fire continuously during a mission; therefore, a proper thermal system is needed to dissipate the waste heat and maintain a stable steady-state operating...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Landslide Monitoring
Loose sediment, rocks and weathered material usually remain stationary and stable on a slope. However, matter can be disturbed naturally by earthquakes or heavy rainfall, or by human activity such as road construction. When disturbed, the debris is...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Making the Invisible Visible
Since the early part of the 20th century, streak cameras have offered the fastest way to capture an optical waveform consisting of both a time and an intensity profile. Early models consisted of a mechanical rotating drum and a large spool of...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Particles Could Enable Tougher Encryption
As we search for ways to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, solar cells have become ever more attractive. However, existing solar cells do not convert solar energy to electricity as efficiently as they could. A type of material called “quantum...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Silicates Get Denser When You Go Deeper
Far below the Earth’s surface, where pressure and temperature escalate ferociously at the border between the mantle and the core, lies the history of primordial chemical differentiation. Molten silicates, such as MgSiO3 melts, likely comprised a...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Silver Accentuates Flexible OLED Design
Improved organic LEDs (OLEDs) and photovoltaic devices are sought after by researchers and commercial product developers because they are lighter and more energy-efficient than standard displays and solar panels, respectively. A bit farther down the...
Photonics Spectra, August 2008
Building a Pocket-Size Electron Accelerator
Might it be possible to combine today’s commercial laser technology with micro- and nanoscale manufacturing techniques to produce tabletop or even pocket-size particle accelerators? This has been the dream of many research groups around the world,...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Building Quantum Dots Slowly
Quantum dots are small, with sizes measured in nanometers. And the size is important because it determines optical properties such as the emission peak of the particle. Bigger quantum dots have redder emission peaks. The problem with engineering the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Color Quality and Spectra
The primary motivation for development of solid-state lighting is the potential for huge energy savings. The energy efficiency of a light source is measured by luminous efficacy (lumens per watt), a component of which is the luminous efficacy of...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Confocal Microscopy Enables Direct Observation of Photonic Nanojets
If you shine a beam of light onto a sphere just a few microns in diameter, an unusual effect takes place: On the side opposite where the beam strikes, a local field enhancement shaped like a tiny jet tail appears. Called photonic nanojets, these...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Determining the Composition of Quantum Dots from Top to Bottom
Quantum dots may shine, but shedding light on their make-up has proved to be difficult because they are small, with sizes in the tens of nanometers. Several analysis techniques average over many quantum dots, smoothing out possible variations....
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Is Solar Thermal Power the Answer?
The sun is the source of virtually all of the energy we use. Fossil fuel energy started out as sunlight on plants. In the relative blink of a historical eye, however, we have significantly depleted the fossil fuels that took millions of years to...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
LEDs in the Greenhouse
Plants contain photosensors that respond to parts of the spectrum from the UV to 740 nm and that control various aspects of plant growth. For the past few years, researchers led by John Allen of the department of physics and astronomy at the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Measuring LED Junction Temperature
Manufacturers and solid-state lighting developers are driving LEDs to higher power levels. As more energy is pushed through the LED diode junction, heat removal becomes a critical issue. To assure device lifetime, quantum efficiency and LED color,...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
New Technologies Power New Eyes
on the Sky
A science that studies exploding stars is itself exploding. Over the next decade, astronomers will more than double the cumulative worldwide telescope mirror area, survey the sky as never before while looking for killer asteroids, resolve objects...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Polarition LEDs Deliver Quantum Efficiency
A new generation of light emitters based on hybrid half-light, half-matter quasiparticles called polaritons promises quantum efficiency and ultralow power consumption. The key feature supporting dramatic improvement in device performance is the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Popcorn-Style Solar Cells
The sun, as the primary source of energy for all organisms on Earth and as a carbon-neutral power source, is considered the ultimate solution to the environmentally friendly energy challenge. In one hour, the sun deposits 13.6 TW of radiation on the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Putting the Whole Experiment in an Enclosure
Commercial lasers are designed in protective cases that ensure that the beams emerge only from designated apertures, and the typical laser laboratory is protected by interlocked doors and outside warning lights. Between these two levels of laser...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Radiation from free electrons
A high-energy electron deflected from a straight-line trajectory emits electromagnetic radiation that is referred to as “synchrotron radiation.” The radiation is highly collimated in the direction of propagation of the electron but is very broadband...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Raman Spectroscopy Detects First Signs of Tooth Decay
Dentists commonly use x-rays and metal picks to detect cavities, but Raman spectroscopy could detect tooth decay earlier. With low power and near-IR excitation, it could do so more safely than x-rays and without pain. Recently, researchers...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Solar Up, Silicon Down
It is no secret that the growth in solar technologies will greatly affect energy use, but it also is creating a shortage of silicon. Spurring the growth in the solar market are government mandates to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, to reduce...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
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