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Research & Technology News

All-Optical Switching Demonstrated in a Silicon 3-D Photonic Crystal
Nov 1, 2007 — Optical switching — in which one beam of light modulates, or switches, another — is one of the holy grails of modern photonics. It’s a necessary technology for optical computing and for “transparent” optical networks, where optical information is transferred from one location to another without conversion to electronic form. Different approaches to optical switching have been pursued in many laboratories around the world, but, recently, researchers at the Institute for Atomic and Molecular...
Counting Atoms — and Defects — in Semiconductors
Nov 1, 2007 — For semiconductors, the mantra is “smaller, faster, cheaper.” Continuing shrinkage of transistors has allowed industry to follow the axiom known as Moore’s law for decades. Eventually, transistors will be so small that the number of atoms present...
Diode-Pumped Solid-State Laser Emits in the Red Without Nonlinear Optics
Nov 1, 2007 — Diode lasers generate red light, but their performance at elevated temperatures degrades so badly that they are not suitable for laser projection displays. Figure 1. Blue pump light, incoming from the right, pumps the Pr:LiYF4 laser on the right,...
Flexible and Freestanding Photonic Crystals
Nov 1, 2007 — Researchers from Università Politecnica delle Marche in Ancona, Italy, have created photonic structures in freestanding polymer films. The process of fabricating the films is relatively simple, and the resulting micron-resolution structures are...
Frequency-Tripled Fiber Laser Made for Underwater Communication
Nov 1, 2007 — Seawater has a transmission window between 350 and 580 nm, and a collaboration among scientists at the University of Arizona in Tucson and at Stanford University in California has resulted in what they believe is the first high-average-power,...
Getting an Edgy View of the Rings of Uranus
Nov 1, 2007 — Like its neighbor and fellow gas giant Saturn, Uranus is ringed. Although not gaudy, its rings are full of surprises, say researchers. At the University of California, Berkeley, at the Space Science Institute of Boulder, Colo., at the SETI...
Mid-IR Holmium Fiber Laser Is Pumped with Diode Laser
Nov 1, 2007 — Remote sensing, spectroscopy, medicine and military countermeasures are among the applications that would benefit from efficient, compact mid-infrared lasers. Fiber lasers have proved both efficient and compact sources in the near-IR, but because...
Moving Droplets of Liquid with Light
Nov 1, 2007 — Pumps are fine for moving everyday volumes of liquid, but something different is needed to move nanoliter quantities of fluids on lab-on-a-chip analyzers. Now researchers have demonstrated a technique that could direct such small volumes wherever...
Novel Design Simplifies VECSEL Fabrication
Nov 1, 2007 — There are several advantages in using the end facet of an optical fiber as the output mirror of a vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL). For one thing, it’s easy to couple the VECSEL’s output into the fiber. And if the VECSEL is...
Quantum-Dot-Based Camera Images Two Colors
Nov 1, 2007 — Infrared imaging is a familiar tool in applications as diverse as firefighting and military patrols. But because most focal plane arrays currently in use for such imaging can capture only a single color, the information provided is limited. A...
Unique End-Pumping Design Shrinks Laser
Nov 1, 2007 — The technique of placing a frequency-doubling crystal inside a vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) has been investigated in many laboratories, and several internally doubled VECSELs are available commercially. They’re compact...
A Higher-Temperature Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector
Oct 1, 2007 — Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Lowell and at Raytheon Missile Systems in Tucson, Ariz., have produced a long-wave infrared quantum dot photodetector with a responsivity of 2.5 A/W at operating temperatures as high as 190 K (–83 °C)....
All-Optical Transducer Designed for High-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging
Oct 1, 2007 — High-frequency ultrasound has been used for applications such as imaging skin and eyes. Behind this medical procedure is a tiny transducer that converts signals and makes the creation of a picture possible. The transducer takes incoming...
An Easier Way to Simulate a Foggy View
Oct 1, 2007 — Insofar as a computer simulation is concerned, where there’s smoke, there’s not a fire but a large computational burden. Rendering smoky, foggy or cloudy scenes is difficult because the process requires substantial computational resources, time or...
Coupling Between Energy Levels Leads to Optical Bistability
Oct 1, 2007 — Optical bistability exists when an optical system is capable of operating in two modes under identical external conditions. If the optical system is a laser, the most common form of optical bistability is hysteresis in its input-output transfer...
For a Little Light, a Microlens
Oct 1, 2007 — Gallium nitride LEDs are useful but suffer from a significant drawback: Their external quantum efficiency is low because the refractive index of GaN, which is 2.5, is very different from that of air, 1.0. Putting GaN on a sapphire substrate...
Lasing Action from Whispering-Gallery Modes in Water Microdroplets
Oct 1, 2007 — Whispering-gallery modes are the resonances that occur inside round objects (spheres, cylinders, disks) when light bounces around the object’s circumference, restrained by total internal reflection to stay inside the object. The modes can be useful...
Looking at Polymers in Three Different Lights
Oct 1, 2007 — The industrial use of polymers is growing, but still required are models that account for physical phenomena such as temperature dependence, thermomechanical coupling and aging. Such models ideally would allow for the reliable predictions of the...
New Gluing Technique Rejuvenates Abandoned Lasers
Oct 1, 2007 — During the late 1990s, scientists investigated Q-switched microchip lasers that were fabricated by pressing a thin slab of laser material — usually, but not always, Nd:YAG — between an output coupler and a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror...
Quantum Dots as Building Blocks for High-Security Computers
Oct 1, 2007 — The allure of a quantum computer is powerful. The device, theoretically, could process certain types of information at such an accelerated pace that the classical computers now in use might seem in comparison as antiquated as the manual...
Silicon Turns One Wavelength into Many
Oct 1, 2007 — There are many challenges to be overcome before photonic connections can replace electronic ones in computers and other equipment. Nonetheless, that replacement soon will become imperative because miniaturization is driving electronic interconnects...
The Remote-Controlled Airplane Grows Up
Oct 1, 2007 — The latest wildfire-fighting aircraft is not designed to carry water. Instead, it is loaded with a thermal-infrared detection system. Because wildfires generate a lot of smoke and often burn in remote locations, firefighters can see little from the...
Turning Opaque Materials into Lenses
Oct 1, 2007 — Materials with a milky-white appearance hardly seem a likely choice for making lenses. Any light that manages to penetrate such materials comes out the other side in a faint, random speckle pattern. By shaping the wavefront of laser light entering...
SPIE to Offer Free Digital Library Access to Selected Countries
Sep 21, 2007 — SPIE has announced an agreement with the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) to help meet the information needs of scientists in more than 30 countries that are rebuilding research capacity and...
A Different Kind of Superlens
Sep 1, 2007 — Investigators have been searching for the perfect lens, or at least one that can image far below the wavelength of the source light. In addition to being useful in research, such a lens could find a home in semiconductor nanolithography, in...

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