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The Quest for Perfect Vision
The public hearing of the FDA Ophthalmic Devices Panel on April 25, 2008, gave industry observers insight into the safety and efficacy of lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) after more than a decade of its use on patients. The purpose of the meeting varied according to the person being asked. Lasik surgeons and other members of the industry presented data showing that the overwhelming majority of patients are satisfied after the procedure and experience a greatly improved quality...
BioPhotonics, October 2008
Microscopy for Diagnosing Cancer
In cases where cancer is suspected, a pathologist may examine the incisional biopsy collected to determine whether the lesion is benign or malignant and, if malignant, to determine the type of cancer. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is one...
BioPhotonics, September 2008
Retinal OCT Comes of Age
The emergence of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the past decade and a half has yielded tremendous benefits for the field of ophthalmology. By producing cross-sectional images of the eye based on depthwise reflections of near-IR light, the...
BioPhotonics, September 2008
Get the Most from Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has become a common technique in fluorescence microscopy. For FRET to occur, two fluorochromes must be within a defined distance of one another (typically <10 nm) and have their dipoles correctly oriented....
BioPhotonics, August 2008
Imaging a Moving Target
It has been said that the brain works just the way you think. If only neuroscience were that simple. The basic computational element of the brain is the point of contact between two neurons, called a synapse. With 1012 neurons and 104 synapses per...
BioPhotonics, August 2008
More Flexibility for Flow Cytometry
Flow cytometry is a central technology in the life sciences. Flow cytometry systems use lasers, a hydrodynamically focused cell delivery system, wavelength-specific optics and photomultiplier tube detectors to analyze large numbers of single cells...
BioPhotonics, August 2008
Sensitive FRET Assays Aid Drug Discovery
Proteases are enzymes that cut precursor proteins to generate proteins that can be useful or harmful for an organism. The harmful proteins generated can cause certain diseases including cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, hypertension, hepatitis and...
BioPhotonics, August 2008
Focused Molecular Imaging Using Radiotracers
Locating, imaging and quantifying concentrations of specified molecules deep within the body are essential in medicine and in drug discovery and development. Together often called molecular imaging, these tasks typically are performed by attaching...
BioPhotonics, July 2008
Getting in Deeper
Thanks to microendoscopic research and technology innovations, patients could be in for a new set of close-ups. Several groups of investigators are working to implement optical biopsies, in which the traditional methods will be replaced by an in...
BioPhotonics, July 2008
Prospects for Photodynamic Therapy in Dentistry
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of a photosensitizer that is activated by illumination in the presence of oxygen. The exposure of the photosensitizer to light results in the formation of toxic oxygen species, thereby causing localized...
BioPhotonics, July 2008
Light Creates Tiny Patterns
The old trick, practiced by schoolboys everywhere, of concentrating a beam of sunlight through a magnifying lens to ignite paper -- or an unfortunate ant -- has been given a new twist. By using a microscopic plastic bead in place of the lens and...
Photonics.com, June 2008
A Bridging Method Expands the Quantum Efficiency of Sensors
The demand for cost-effective, high-performance imaging detectors is prevalent within the scientific research community. CCD sensors are arrays of photosensitive pixels that are covered by parallel layers of polysilicon gates. The layers provide...
BioPhotonics, June 2008
Getting a Better View from the Inside
According to modern medicine, there is a grain of truth in the old adage: The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach. Dr. Michael B. Wallace, a gastroenterologist with the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla., uses narrow-diameter and flexible...
BioPhotonics, June 2008
High-Speed Imaging for DNA Sequencing
The key to personalized medicine is understanding the role that an individual’s genes play in his or her health. To reap the benefits of personalized medicine, the billions of nucleotide bases that comprise an individual’s genome must be sequenced —...
BioPhotonics, June 2008
Polarized Crystals Enable Malaria Diagnosis
According to the 2005 World Malaria Report by the World Health Organization and UNICEF, as many as 500 million malaria cases are recorded each year, resulting in at least 1 million deaths. Although a microscopic examination using a special stain has...
BioPhotonics, June 2008
Quantum Dots Move Beyond Fluorescence Imaging
Quantum dots are transforming life sciences imaging because of their extraordinary photostability, brightness, broad excitation, narrow emission, long fluorescence lifetimes and multiplexing capability. The nanometer-scale inorganic crystals contain...
BioPhotonics, June 2008
Can the Miracles Promised by Carbon Nanotubes Be Realized?
By delivering drugs directly to the source of disease, carbon nanotubes and other nanoparticles could reduce the toxicity that chemotherapy agents and other drugs introduce to the body. Of all the nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes promise to...
BioPhotonics, May 2008
Overcoming Optical Challenges to Live-Cell TIRF Microscopy
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a powerful technique. It provides extremely thin axial sectioning with excellent signal-to-noise ratios, allowing observation of fluorescent events occurring at the interface between two...
BioPhotonics, May 2008
Robust Optics for Microscopy Applications
The evolution of microscopy from direct human observation to digital image capture has significantly advanced research in the life sciences. For microscopy, digital cameras, along with image-processing and data algorithms, have allowed observations...
BioPhotonics, May 2008
Trends in Optical Trapping
The term “optical trapping” is perhaps misleading: It implies little more than grabbing a molecule or other object and possibly transporting it to some other place. But, as is apparent from studies that have emerged recently, optical trapping is a...
BioPhotonics, May 2008
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Moves Ahead
MRI, which allows doctors and clinicians to peer inside the body without the use of ionizing radiation, is particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, which is why athletes often go into a scanner when injured. Recent advances promise to make...
BioPhotonics, April 2008
Nanotechnology and Photonics Join Forces in Biomedicine
In the recent past, biology has shifted from the microscale to the nanoscale, from the level of the cell to that of viruses and of cellular constituents such as proteins, nucleic acids and most organelles. By extension, tools for the investigation...
BioPhotonics, April 2008
Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Polymorphs
Some molecules with the same chemical formula can have different crystal structure forms — called polymorphs. There are two ways in which crystal structures can arise: arrangement (or packing) polymorphism and conformational polymorphism....
BioPhotonics, April 2008
Raman Spectroscopy Meets Flow Cytometry
In flow cytometry, which performs high-speed optical analysis of single cells, suspensions of cells are hydrodynamically focused single file through a laser beam (Figure 1). The light scatter provides information about gross morphological features...
BioPhotonics, April 2008
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Bioanalysis
A fundamental goal in the life sciences is to understand how the elemental building blocks (nucleobases, amino acids, etc.) are composed in living organisms. Chemical processes in cells are carried out by macromolecules such as nucleic acid chains,...
BioPhotonics, April 2008
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