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Widely Tunable Lasers Ready to Lock and Roll
In the ’90s, visions of the all-optical network danced merrily in the heads of the world’s telecommunications service and equipmentproviders. Now the optical components necessary to transform that all-optical fantasy into a reality are emerging.One of the most critical components -- the widely tunable laser -- enables network elements to convert one wavelength into another on the fly. A host of component manufacturers have products that are nearly ready for prime time. The trouble...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
How Well Can Cameras Measure Color?
Video cameras find use in many automatic inspection applications, from checking the construction of automobiles to scanning microscope specimens for cancerous cells. Often it is important to inspect color as well as other attributes of a product;...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Optical Coatings Reap the Benefits of Telecommunications
Over the last five years, the optical coating industry has been revolutionized to meet the challenges of producing the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) filters for telecommunications that separate the wavelength channels used in optical...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Physical and Geometric Methods Combined to Model Optics
For nearly the entire history of modern lens design, engineers have used geometric ray tracing to model light propagation through optical components. This may soon change, however, thanks to the ever-increasing speed of computers.Ray tracing is...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Solid-State Q-Switched Lasers Expand Their Reach
Since their introduction a decade ago, there have been nearly continuous improvements in the performance and reliability of diode-pumped, single-transverse-mode, solid-state lasers with Q-switched operation. Current systems can deliver low noise...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Eliminating Vibration in the Nano-World
Until recently, photonics engineers, among others, had been powerless against settling-time bottlenecks in industrial processes that require submicron-scale precision. Their only effective ways to address fixturing and structural resonance excited...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
F2 Lasers Aren’t Just for Lithography
Compared with other excimers, F2 lasers emitting at 157 nm have few commercial applications. In fact, were it not for microlithography, it’s possible that these excimers would remain laboratory curiosities for years to come.As it is, their...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Lateral-Scanning Interferometry Takes the Long View
Semiconductor, data storage, optical telecommunications and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications often require surface measurement across relatively large areas with nanometer resolution. With rising demand for smaller form factors and...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Steward Observatory Spins Out Major Mirrors
Tucson, at first, seems a remote spot for the world’s foremost optical sciences laboratory. Arising from the parched red crust of the Arizona landscape, manicured lawns and English gardens betray an extensive field of subterranean aquifers...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance Goes Dual-Band and Beyond
The military action following the events of Sept. 11 has put intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance in the spotlight. It has highlighted the need to persistently monitor a battlefield to determine exactly who and what are there. Terrorists...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Does Your CCD Camera Need Cooling?
To those in the light-starved world of astronomy, the result of cooling cameras to ultralow temperatures is obvious: Truly amazing images can be produced in situations where only a few photons are available. The need for cooling may not be so...
Photonics Spectra, June 2002
Marking Glass
In any manufacturing process, information about the creation and nature of the product is critical to optimizing the process. Permanent, unambiguous symbols such as part or serial numbers save time, facilitate in-process testing and reduce mistakes....
Photonics Spectra, June 2002
Photonic Crystals
Photonic bandgap crystals serve as a microcosm of the photonics industry: Although microscopic in structure, their versatility in manipulating photons could have a huge and pervasive impact on nearly all optical components and instrumentation,...
Photonics Spectra, June 2002
Broadband Spectrophotometry
Designing devices that incorporate ultrathin films is an important means of enhancing yields. However, characterizing ultrathin films can be extremely challenging for mainstream metrology tools such as ellipsometers, interferometers and...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers
They slice, they dice, they weld. Diode-pumped solid-state lasers offer an ever-increasing degree of processing flexibility and beam quality. These factors alone continue to strengthen their position in industrial applications ranging from...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Microdisplays, Macro-Impact
Despite their name, microdisplays are making a big impact, and it’s getting bigger. The size of a computer chip, a microdisplay employs photonics technology to create a magnified image large enough to fill a movie screen or a home theater, or...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Modeling Telecommunications Components
The term "crosstalk" describes the phenomenon of power leaking from one channel of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system into a neighboring one. One of the most important design issues for optical communications systems, crosstalk can...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Not All Multiplexing Technologies Are on the Same Wavelength
Until recently, the development of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology has focused solely on scaling to higher channel counts, following pundits’ predictions that future high-bandwidth applications would create a bandwidth...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Assessing Damage for UV-Laser-Resistant Fused Silica
The heart of any optical lithography tool is its illumination and projection system. The illumination system preconditions the laser beam and provides the optical path from the laser to the photomask, and the projection lens images the pattern from...
Photonics Spectra, April 2002
Lasers Lighten the Laboratory Load
Laser manufacturers take note: A nonscientific survey indicates that scientists want a highly tunable turnkey laser with configurable pulse widths and repetition rates. It should be easily mode-locked, have good shot-to-shot and long-term stability,...
Photonics Spectra, April 2002
Machine Vision
Thanks to LEDs and off-the-shelf CCD camera technology, robots can now insert automotive windshields on the fly as a car moves along the production line. The first such application in the world is Ford Fiesta and Mazda 121 assembly lines at a Ford...
Photonics Spectra, April 2002
Optical Fiber
At the beginning of 2001, manufacturers of optical fiber couldn’t make the stuff fast enough. By midyear, the economic boom’s bubble had burst, and the world’s leading suppliers began applying the brakes to their global fiber...
Photonics Spectra, April 2002
Optical Power Meters
Despite the downturn in the telecommunications industry, traffic volume continues to grow. Network providers will need additional capacity, and equipment designers must continue to push system limits toward higher bit rates and denser channel...
Photonics Spectra, April 2002
Polyphenyl Ethers
These short-chain cyclic compounds are linked by oxygen atoms. A characteristic formulation has two to eight aromatic groups, or rings, allowing PPEs to retain their chemical and performance stability against ionizing radiation, thermal excursions,...
Photonics Spectra, April 2002
The Incredible Shrinking IR Camera
Many interesting and important IR imaging applications remain limited by the practical and economic barriers of camera technology; namely, camera size, weight and power consumption. A typical example is in fire fighting, where ideally every...
Photonics Spectra, April 2002
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