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Large-Pixel Architectures Aid Radiographic Imaging
Much of the effort in CMOS image sensor development to date has focused on circuit architectures and on fabrication processes for small devices. Typical applications in this category include cell-phone camera modules, Web cameras and video camera sensors. Compared with CCD technology, the challenges of small CMOS image sensors, especially in high-volume applications, are well-documented and involve issues related to fill factor, noise performance, dark current, uniformity, image lag,...
Photonics Spectra, November 2003
Picking Wheat from Chaff
A missile launches from a remote silo, streaks upward through the clouds, then shoots above the atmosphere. There is no chance to stop the re-entry vehicle from hitting its target unless it can first be identified — picked out from the natural Earth...
Photonics Spectra, November 2003
Sensors Support Low-Light Imaging
One key to customer acceptance of CMOS imagers in the mobile market space is low-light performance. This is often specified in terms of the lowest light level at which the sensor produces an image with a minimally "acceptable" signal-to-noise ratio....
Photonics Spectra, November 2003
Custom Optics Meet the Challenges of 2-D Symbol Applications
The rising popularity of two-dimensional symbols for bar-code applications has increased the need for imager-based bar-code readers. In the past, the only solution for reading these symbols was complex vision systems designed for much more...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Disk Lasers Facilitate Cutting and Remote Welding
One of the newest laser technologies of note is the Yb:YAG disk laser, with commercial systems that can deliver 1 kW of power through a 150-µm-diameter fiber. End users can expect to see 4-kW systems, such as the one demonstrated by Trumpf Laser...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Fiber Lasers Find Their Footing
The competition between fiber and disk lasers seems to be heating up with the fibers’ quest for a share of the industrial welding and cutting market. A group of researchers from Southampton Photonics Inc. and the University of...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Flexible Imaging with Smart Cameras
Smart cameras may be selling like hotcakes, but they’re really not revolutionary in terms of image processing and analysis — not yet, anyway, according to Pierantonio Boriero, product manager at Matrox Imaging in Dorval, Quebec, Canada. He contends...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Michelson Interferometry Interrogates Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
Fiber Bragg gratings, which have had such success in wavelength division multiplexing for telecommunications, also have been adapted to environmental sensors. These sensors measure parameters such as temperature, pressure and strain, which cause...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
New Cameras Offer Image Intelligence
The introduction and proliferation of smart cameras has been the most significant development in the machine vision industry in the past five years. Although continuing advances in pixel resolution, camera interfaces, and computer processing costs...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
New Solutions for Image Processing
For smart cameras, image isn’t everything. There’s also image processing to consider. Being able to quickly categorize a pill as the right shape or color, for instance, may make the right type of smart camera suitable for pharmaceutical work. To...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Polymer Optics Gain Respect
For many years, polymer optics languished as the stepchild of the photonics world. Considered unsuitable for high-precision applications, plastic lenses were relegated to toys, low-accuracy eyepieces and low-end cameras — markets where high volumes,...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Pulsed Nd:YAG Lasers Push the Welding Envelope
The growth of industrial welding applications continues to push the welding envelope of lasers in terms of faster speeds, deeper penetration, more-weldable materials and smaller spot sizes. The welding applications emerging from the medical,...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Solid-State Lasers Stand Their Manufacturing Ground
For perhaps the first time, conventional Nd:YAG lasers face serious competition from other solid-state technologies in a variety of micro- and macroscale cutting and welding applications.On the cutting front, improvements in beam quality and spot...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Tunable Laser Wavelength Calibration for Fiber Sensing
Monitoring the wavelength reflected from a fiber Bragg grating can be achieved using tunable laser technology combined with absolute wavelength referencing. Laser sources are preferred for applications such as overseeing the operating conditions of...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Vision Guidance Increases Robots' Utility
Take the robot — basically a blind beast of burden — add vision capability, and you now have an incredibly flexible fixture. It can load machine tools, inspect weld seams on an automobile, distinguish between the palest yellow and white on car doors...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Vision Sensors Meet High-Speed Networking
As production line speeds continue to accelerate, manual inspection has given way to automation using machine vision sensors that are faster and more accurate than humans at spotting defects. Many companies have already installed these systems at...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Wavelength Monitoring of Sensors: Two Approaches
Fiber sensors offer several significant advantages over conventional electrical sensors. They’re rugged passive components requiring no external power. They form an intrinsic part of the fiber optic cable that transmits the measurement signal,...
Photonics Spectra, October 2003
Frame Grabbers Fine-Tune Machine Vision
Frame grabbers convert video images from cameras into digital format and transfer these digital images to PCs, which use the converted data to make decisions about the objects being inspected. Although performing these functions quickly and reliably...
Photonics Spectra, September 2003
Making Connections: Real-World Telecom Component Production
Today’s telecommunications market requires reliable, low-cost transmitters and receivers. But for the mass deployment of optical connection technology, optical communications technologies must be cost-competitive with existing solutions. To achieve...
Photonics Spectra, September 2003
Multilayer Dielectric Gratings Enable More-Powerful High-Energy Lasers
Over the past 20 years, the use of chirped-pulse amplification has enabled lasers to produce powerful pulses in the femtosecond and picosecond time regime. The development of higher-energy lasers is hampered by a major limiting factor. In...
Photonics Spectra, September 2003
Selecting Lenses to Maximize IR Camera Performance
Many factors must be considered when choosing an infrared lens for a thermal imaging camera. These include knowledge of the technology being used and of the intended application for the imager. It is also essential to have a good idea of what...
Photonics Spectra, September 2003
Solid-State Lasers Are Gunning for Argon-Ion's Place
Frequency-doubled diode lasers that produce blue light at or near 488 nm have emerged over the past couple of years, potentially affecting the multibillion-dollar instrumentation market based on the air-cooled argon-ion laser that has evolved over...
Photonics Spectra, September 2003
VCSELs Go Long-Wave
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are now routinely used in photonics applications such as telecommunications, primarily at 850 nm. Their long-wavelength cousins — 1300- and 1550-nm devices — still have some way to go before they...
Photonics Spectra, September 2003
Colorimetry, Anatomical Studies Advance
Color vision has long fascinated scientists, providing topics for research in psychology and physics, as well as in anatomy, physiology and medicine. Substantial information has been gathered over more than 150 years, and with the development of in...
Photonics Spectra, August 2003
Flat Panel Display Metrology Finds More than Meets the Eye
Popularity has its drawbacks, which for the increasingly popular flat panel display industry means that both production efficiency and quality control must be maintained. The two are not always synonymous, however. Ensuring quality requires reliable...
Photonics Spectra, August 2003
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