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Measurement and Manipulation for Nanotechnology
Understanding the structure, function and stimulus response of individual molecules and other nanoscale structures is becoming increasingly important in research in all branches of hard sciences, in engineering and in materials development. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a metrology tool that combines the requisite resolution with the ability to work with unmodified samples in various environments, including liquids. But AFM goes well beyond metrology to include nanometer-scale functional...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Method Positions and Deposits ZnO Nanowires
Scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee have employed electric fields to align single crystalline ZnO nanowires with support electrodes and electrostatic forces to bind them in place. In a demonstration of the potential utility of their...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
New Materials Advance Automotive Lighting
Automotive manufacturers have always used distinctive styling as a means of differentiating their vehicles from the competition, and now we’re seeing different styles in headlight design (Figure 1). Advances in lighting technologies such as LEDs,...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Noise in Imaging: The Good, the Bad and the Right
In digital imaging applications, noise is commonly assumed to be bad, a characteristic that makes images worse. Although many types of noise are known, their origin and, more importantly, their impact on images is often misunderstood. Figure 1....
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Optimizing Automotive LED Lighting
Headlights and taillights have been on automobiles for about as long as automobiles have had rubber tires, and filament lamps have provided their light for just about as long. The size and shape of the filament have kept the optical designs of these...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Perplexed by Polarizers?
When engineers, chemists and physicists discuss polarization, they could be talking about anything from the diffraction efficiency of a hologram to the precision of a micromachining laser to the brightness of an LCD system. With such diverse...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Shrinking Features, Shrinking Wavelengths
As semiconductor feature sizes shrink, manufacturers need a light touch — and at the right wavelength. A look at three areas — lithography, metrology and assembly — shows how photonics-based innovations are tackling some of the semiconductor...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
Technique Creates Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Regions in Microfluidic Channels
Using a photoinitiated chemical process from polymer chemistry, a team of investigators in France has developed a method to create hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions inside microfluidic channels. Potential applications include the design of...
Photonics Spectra, December 2006
A Tiny Mirror for a Small Microscope
When it comes to high-resolution confocal images with miniaturized optics, two fibers may be one too many. A microscanner used to enable single-fiber confocal microscopy has a 500 × 500-μm mirror and comb teeth to allow scanning in both...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Femtosecond Laser Promotes Rapid, Localized Nanowire Growth
Optoelectronic devices, including blue laser diodes, LEDs and photodetectors, rely on the wide bandgap (2.8 eV) of semiconductor ZnSe nanowires. Because the fundamental optical and electronic properties of these nanowires depend on size, several...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Finding a Balance in Your Phone Design
When choosing an imager for a mobile phone, designers consider cost, size and image quality — usually in that order. Consumers expect strong camera and phone functionality. They look for sleek handset designs and insist on affordable phones....
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Hybrid LEDs Offer High Brightness and Output Powers
By combining thin-film and flip-chip approaches to LED design, scientists at Philips Lumileds Lighting Co. of San Jose, Calif., have demonstrated blue, green and white devices with higher surface brightness and output powers than are produced by...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Jobs in Photonics
European workers in the photonics industry in 2006 are generally satisfied with their jobs, enjoy prolonged vacations and earn a better-than-average living with their highly specialized, technical knowledge. No big surprises there. The results have...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Laser Process Simplifies Fabrication of Nanoimprint Molds
Investigators at the Industrial Materials Institute of the National Research Council of Canada in Boucherville, Quebec, have developed a laser-based technique for the fabrication of metallic nanostructures on prepatterned substrates that promises to...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
OLED Fabricated on Cantilever
Scanning near-field optical microscopy conventionally has been an optically pumped technique. Several attempts at creating electrically pumped microscale light sources have been limited because of the unfavorable properties of III-V materials and...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Silicon Modulator Operates at Terahertz Frequencies
Scientists at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and at the University of Washington in Seattle have demonstrated what they believe is the fastest all-optical silicon amplitude modulator. It can operate at frequencies in excess of 1 THz,...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Spectroscopy Techniques Investigate X-Ray Radiolysis
Using UV-VIS and x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, scientists at the department of chemistry at Universiteit Utrecht in the Netherlands have investigated the effects of synchrotron x-ray radiation on catalytic processes involving copper...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Substrates Tuned for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Researchers at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada, have demonstrated that a wet chemistry technique for depositing layers of gold nanoparticles and linker molecules can optimize the Raman scattering signal from an absorbed sample...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Terahertz Radiation Sources for Imaging and Sensing Applications
Electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz (1012 Hz) frequency domain has unique properties that make it particularly attractive for applications ranging from biomedical imaging, national security and packaged goods inspection to remote sensing and...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
The Myths and Realities of Image Acquisition
Not too long ago, machine vision application users relied on frame-grabber-based systems for most of their tasks. In 1998, manufacturers introduced cameras that worked with the IEEE-1394 interface, enabling a direct connection between industrial...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Wavefront Coding for Mobile Phone Imaging
Conventional imaging systems use signal processing essentially as an accessory to optics, but Wavefront Coding allows specialized optics and signal processing to be jointly optimized to form the best image. This relationship enables increased...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Wavelength Selective Switches for Fiber Optic Telecommunications
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems have become the standard technology in high-capacity telecommunications networks ranging in distance from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers. They combine multiple wavelengths on a...
Photonics Spectra, November 2006
Adding Muscle to Displays
For truly full-color displays, scientists at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich have devised a technology that is based on tunable diffraction controlled by artificial “muscles.” The method uses pleated electroactive polymers that are...
Photonics Spectra, October 2006
Doped Nanorods Produced by Wet Chemistry
Two researchers affiliated with Tsinghua University in Beijing and with Anhui Normal University in Wuhu, China, have reported a relatively simple wet chemistry method for the production of lanthanide-doped hexagonal-phase NaYF4 nanorods of uniform...
Photonics Spectra, October 2006
Electron Tomography for Integrated Circuit Analysis
To better detect nanoscale defects in integrated circuits, researchers at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., and at IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., are exploring the suitability of a variant of electron tomography,...
Photonics Spectra, October 2006
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