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Microscopy Features
A Crane for Very Small Construction Sites
It is always best to have the right tool for the job at hand. Unfortunately, researchers investigating the high-resolution positioning of single nanoparticles have lacked the proper equipment. As a result, they have not been able to controllably integrate a definite number of nanoparticles in circuits and quantum dots. Using an experimentally discovered technique, researchers pick up 20-nm-diameter gold nanoparticles on the tip of an atomic force microscope system and place them where...
Photonics Spectra, June 2007
Diverse Photonics Research Part of University's Curriculum
The Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers (CREOL) has been in existence since 1986 at the University of Central Florida (UCF) in Orlando and recently morphed into the first US college devoted solely to optics — The College of Optics...
Photonics Spectra, June 2007
Getting the ‘Hole’ Picture Up Close
Plasmons — local electron oscillations in metal films — hold great promise as the basis for sensors and optical switches. A challenge with such substrates has been pinpointing the location of the highest plasmonic signal -- knowledge of which could...
Photonics Spectra, June 2007
Hyperlens Achieves 130-nm Resolution
Because metamaterial-based lenses can overcome the diffraction limit of light waves, they may enable optical imaging of objects much smaller than typical lenses can resolve. Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, achieved 130-nm...
Photonics Spectra, June 2007
Microscope Slide Enables ~70-nm Resolution
Conventional optical microscopes can resolve objects on the order of only 200 nm because they are limited by the diffraction of light waves, meaning that small things such as DNA and viruses cannot be seen. Although both scanning probe and electron...
Photonics Spectra, June 2007
Photonics for Art’s Sake
Art may be for art’s sake, but that doesn’t mean that paintings and other works of art can’t benefit from photonic-based tools and equipment. For example, the challenge of preserving and restoring artwork from the past and present is made easier by...
Photonics Spectra, June 2007
Ultrabroadband Light Source Helps Pinpoint Structure of Organic Semiconductors
Organic semiconductor materials — used to make photovoltaic cells, LEDs and similar devices — can be quickly and efficiently made but often have surfaces composed of both amorphous and crystalline material states. They would perform better if they...
Photonics Spectra, June 2007
Annealing and Activating Silicon Nanowires with a Laser
In electronics, smaller is almost always better. That has been further illustrated by a recent study on annealing silicon nanowires by University of California, Berkeley, researchers in collaboration with Nanosys Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. Silicon...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Are Quantum Dots on the Brink of Their Big Break?
The period at the end of this sentence would be colossal next to a quantum dot — like a flea clinging to a good-size dog. As many as a million quantum dots could perhaps fit within the narrow confines of this circle: o. In other words, quantum...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Identifying Atoms by Feel
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) and other scanning probe devices can map surfaces on an atomic scale but have not been able to distinguish one type of atom from another using purely mechanical means. Now researchers have used an AFM to identify...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Laser Heat Forms Nanobubbles
Boiling water was thought to be a well-understood phenomenon until we entered the age of nanomaterials. Now the concept of nanobubbles, which collect on a surface when it is heated to boiling, is under study. A team from the National Institute of...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Nanoscale ‘Pins’ Enhance SERS
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is still a young technique, but it shows promise for elemental and chemical analysis in the semiconductor and biology fields, among others. It has been well established that using silver or gold nanoscale...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Seeing Smaller Features with Surface Plasmons
Imaging using surface plasmon resonance — electron oscillations induced by light at a metal/dielectric interface — can reveal hidden features such as minute changes in biochemical structures. However, surface plasmon resonance imaging can be fuzzy...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Selecting the Appropriate Optical Mount
When engineers are choosing optics, a common mistake they make is overlooking the integration of optical mounts into their systems. There are a variety of mounts available for holding lenses, prisms, mirrors, filters and other optical components....
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Silver Nanostructures with Unique Optical Properties Created
Silver nanobars and nanorice with the ability to scatter and absorb light in the near-infrared have been produced by controlling the assembly of silver atoms in solution. These nanostructures could compete with nanorods made of gold as contrasting...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
A Single Dot Marks the Spot for Nanowire LEDs
From wires nanometers in size, an industry hopes that mighty lights will grow. That goal — as well as the ability to perform quantum optics experiments — has gotten a boost, thanks to researchers from the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
AFM Measures Photocurrent Distribution in Solar Cells
The power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells remains below desired levels, in part because variations in processing conditions alter film morphologies. Current microscopy techniques can provide information on these structural effects;...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
How Temperature Affects Silicone Encapsulants in High-Brightness LED Applications
Historically, high temperatures have negatively affected the function of LED chips; however, recent designs from companies such as Philips Lumileds Lighting Co. reportedly perform at temperatures as high as 185 °C without compromising output. The...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Short-Wavelength Quantum-Cascade Lasers
There exists a gap in the performance of semiconductor lasers in the 3- to 5-μm-wavelength range, a spectral range of particular interest for molecular spectroscopy as well as for applications such as directed infrared countermeasures. The 3-...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
An Optical Superlens That Is Easy on the Eyes
Superlenses are super because they can image below the diffraction limit of the light passing through them. However, current incarnations of superlenses — thin silver or silicon carbide slabs — are not very super when it comes to use: They can image...
Photonics Spectra, March 2007
Dimpled Displays and Sensors
Exploiting an accidental discovery, researchers at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy, N.Y., have demonstrated a method to produce bright color fields over large surfaces, creating...
Photonics Spectra, March 2007
Turning Quantum Dots into Tiny ‘Lightbulbs’
For anyone seeking a really small light source, researchers at MIT in Cambridge, Mass., have good news. The group has embedded quantum dots in structures similar to organic LEDs and has demonstrated light emission from single quantum dots at room...
Photonics Spectra, March 2007
Designing Fiber for Better Lasers
Fiber lasers are becoming increasingly popular alternatives for applications that require high power — hundreds of watts to kilowatts — such as materials processing, surgery and biochemistry. Their high efficiency, enviable beam quality, small...
Photonics Spectra, February 2007
Detecting Mercury with Gold
As evidenced (albeit comically) by Lewis Carroll’s madcap hatter, mercury exposure can have serious health consequences, such as tremors, memory loss and personality changes. Free mercury can arise from volcanic emissions, the mining of precious...
Photonics Spectra, February 2007
Making a Different Point for Better Images
Takashi Kodama and Hiroyuki Ohtani at Tokyo Institute of Technology made a point of improving microscopy imaging by developing a novel probe for apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy. Standard tips used in the technique are made by...
Photonics Spectra, February 2007
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