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Motion Control Meets the Vacuum
Traditional motion-control devices, including stepper motors and DC servomotors, were designed for the industrial manufacturing environment and brought repeatability and accurate automation to processes such as cutting and welding. However, most of them are not appropriate for motion-control vacuum applications or in ultraclean, nitrogen-purged environments because they do not offer good long-term stability and/or cannot be made compatible with the vacuum environment. In recent years, the...
Photonics Spectra, October 2004
Offering More Performance for Less Money, Accurately
The optical engineering discipline has entered a golden age. The computational power of personal computers has steadily increased for 20 years while costs have fallen. Similarly, the technical capability of optical design software has increased...
Photonics Spectra, October 2004
Spinning Disk vs. Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes
When imaging thick biological specimens, light from out-of-focus planes often obscures the fluorescence of structures of interest. Various confocal methods can remove out-of-focus light to reveal the structures. Different confocal systems allow...
Photonics Spectra, October 2004
Through the Looking Glass and What Cavity Ringdown Found There
What is air? Scientists worldwide continue to focus their attention and their instruments on answering that simple question with an ever-increasing standard for accuracy. It is no longer sufficient to know that air is composed mostly of nitrogen and...
Photonics Spectra, October 2004
UV LEDs Suitable for Fluorescence Spectroscopy
LEDs that emit in the 340-nm wavelength range have been developed by scientists in the division of engineering and department of physics at Brown University in Providence, R.I., and in the department of electrical engineering at Yale University in...
Photonics Spectra, October 2004
When the Light Fails
Proper lighting is an important part of any machine vision system. Obviously, the lighting needs to be adequate, but it also should be arranged so that it amplifies the things you want the vision system to see while attenuating those you don't....
Photonics Spectra, October 2004
Beyond the Visible: Near-IR vs. Thermal Imaging
For some machine vision applications, you need to see more than what can be seen with the naked eye. Low-light or poor-contrast conditions may give cause to consider vision systems that image beyond the visible spectrum. Various types of data that...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Chiral Fiber Gratings Polarized Light
Chiral photonic devices have a screwlike, or helical, microstructure with a period comparable to the optical wavelength, which enables them to control or manipulate light. Chiral fiber gratings are produced by twisting fiber with a noncircular fiber...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
CMOS and CCD Share More Than a Letter
Howard Rhodes, director of imaging engineering at Boise, Idaho-based Micron Technology Inc., is a proponent of CMOS sensors. That’s to be expected, given that the company is one of the largest manufacturers of CMOS imagers in the world. It is...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Compact Telescope Design Suited to Military and Commercial Applications
Most applications that use telescopes opt for one of two designs: the Gregorian or the Cassegrain. Of these two, the latter is most often used. A new telescope that improves on the Gregorian hopes to challenge that with a design that has...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Fiber-Based Sensors Target Geophysical Applications
Fiber optics technology has found use in a variety of sensing applications in the oil and gas industry. Distributed temperature, pressure, vibration, strain and flow are a few of the parameters that such sensors measure, with the result being...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Laser Welding Penetrates the Plastics Market
Lasers seem the obvious choice for welding plastics: Their flexibility is second to none, and the quality of the weld is better than that achieved with most other techniques. Despite these and many other advantages, however, their penetration into...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
LED Measurement Data Is Only as Accurate as Instruments Allow
Although LEDs emit within narrow spectral windows, manufacturers and users alike often need to ensure that emission is both consistent and accurate, particularly for components used in biotechnical research, machine vision and communications....
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Manufacturers Target Measurement of High-Power LEDs
The semiconductor light produced by LEDs has long been deployed in many areas of daily life, including as backlighting for displays and panel graphics on mobile phones, and for instrument clusters in cars. High-power LEDs entering the market are...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Novel Gas Sensor Utilizes Random-Hole Optical Fiber
Monitoring the gaseous emissions of processes, especially high-temperature processes such as coal combustion, is a continuing challenge to sensor designers. Fiber optic sensors have provided elegant solutions to many such challenges, but...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Optical Fibers Fuel Intrinsic Sensor Development
Intrinsic sensors based on fiber optics rely on the interaction among the environment, the fiber and the light to generate information about a specific measurand. They benefit from the fiber’s guiding ability, which enables a long optical path to be...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Perspectives on Measurement of LED Illumination Sources
The development of optical measurement instrumentation for LEDs has followed the requirements of the LED component manufacturers. More recent changes include the use of high-speed spectroradiometers for online component or wafer testing, the...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Photonic Crystal Fibers Accommodate High Powers
Photonic crystal fibers, sometimes called microstructured fibers, represent a novel class of specialty fibers that began to see commercial application only within the past couple of years. They differ from conventional designs in that they...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
Standardization of LED Measurements
Today, standards development remains a critical concern for LED manufacturers. One standard publication of note is Publication No. 127, Measurement of LEDs, which was published in 1997 by the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) to...
Photonics Spectra, September 2004
3-D Coordinate Measuring Helps Inspect IC Packaging
Semiconductor companies currently produce a large assortment of three-dimensional architectures for semiconductor integration and packaging. End users rely on diverse stacking strategies to conserve PC board space. Even stacking die to wafer and...
Photonics Spectra, August 2004
A Smart-Camera Implementation of a Hardware-Based Neural Network
Although machine vision technology that can solve simple problems has long been available, no machine vision system, until recently, could match a human’s ability to handle highly complex tasks that require sophisticated judgment — at least not at...
Photonics Spectra, August 2004
Camera Memory Allows Rapid Data Transfer
In scientific and imaging applications, there is a trend toward CCD and CMOS camera systems with higher spatial resolution and frame rates. Designers have responded to the demand for greater detail and less magnification with more sophisticated...
Photonics Spectra, August 2004
Differential Interference Contrast Adds Confocal Imaging Flexibility
Confocal laser scanning microscopy continues to make inroads into industrial inspection applications as diverse as printed circuit boards and automotive components. A key reason is the technique’s analysis flexibility. Figure 1. Olympus laser...
Photonics Spectra, August 2004
Fiber Bragg Gratings: A Versatile Approach to Dispersion Compensation
Chromatic dispersion compensation is recognized as one of the main challenges in high-data-rate optical communications systems. Dispersion directly affects the quality of the data transmission and causes a blurring of the bit stream....
Photonics Spectra, August 2004
Industrial MicroscopyGets Down to Work
It's a three-dimensional world for industrial microscopy these days, whether it is used to help monitor thin-film deposition processes or to inspect bumps on a circuit board. Regardless of the technique, building the 3-D image usually involves...
Photonics Spectra, August 2004
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