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Photonic Crystals Enable Single-Mode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) has been the subject of intense research since its development in 1977.1 The standard device structure consists of a doped, highly reflective bottom distributed Bragg reflector; an undoped, multiple-quantum-well active region; and a top distributed Bragg reflector with opposite doping. These layers typically are grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition. Electrodes are added to the top and bottom distributed Bragg reflectors, and either...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Photonics Set to Rescue Microprocessor Clocking
In the fast-paced and ever-changing microprocessor world, there is one undeniable truth: Photonic clocking will happen. It is just a question of when. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, which has been accurate in laying out...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
The Best of Both Worlds for Spectroscopy
Spectroscopists continue to push the boundaries of technology as they seek to learn more about life’s building blocks. From understanding how the human body works in minute detail to discovering and analyzing new planets, the limits of current...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Images Buried Nanoscale Features
Thanks to researchers at the University of Rochester in New York, looking below the surface may be easier — at least on a small scale. Using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, the group has mapped buried features with 30-nm resolution and has...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
UV Thermal Lens Microscope Shows Promise for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications
The miniaturization of various analytical systems greatly simplifies chemical and biochemical research. Because such lab-on-a-chip solutions involve microscale sample volumes and device dimensions, the sensitivity of the detection methods employed...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
White LEDs Approximate Daylight
In pursuit of alternative material systems for white LEDs, scientists at National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, at Sharp Corp. in Mihara and at Fujikura Ltd. in Sakura, all in Japan, are investigating phosphors of α-SiAlON...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Aberration Correction Enables 3-D Imaging Akin to Confocal Optical Technique
Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy offers users the ability to perform 3-D imaging similar to confocal microscopy, a group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee has reported. The technique can probe sample volumes...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy Monitors Ethylene
The plant hormone ethylene, which regulates growth and development, can lead to the overripening of fruits and vegetables. Ethylene from plants as well as from sources such as engine exhaust, therefore, is closely controlled in greenhouses, in...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering System Uses Chirped Pulses
Using a variant of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering that employs chirped femtosecond pulses, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, hope to reveal new details regarding stellar and planetary formation. The spectromicroscopy...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Confocal Raman Microscope Exposes Diffusion Kinetics
Using confocal Raman microscopy, researchers at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City are measuring the diffusion of molecules into polymer particles. The work could help people get their medicine continuously and could help clean up the...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Efficient White OLED Employs Down-Conversion
A white organic LED (OLED) incorporating a blue phosphorescent dye and a down-conversion phosphor has achieved a luminous efficacy of 25 lm/W. Reported by investigators at Osram Opto Semiconductors Inc. in San Jose, Calif., and at Osram GmbH in...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Fluorescence Spectroscopy Identifies Kamut
Kamut, the brand name of a variety of wheat that is believed to have been cultivated in ancient times and that reportedly has a higher nutritional value than traditional wheat, commands a premium price. As a result, there is a desire among suppliers...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Geometric Model Improves Cantilever-Based Sensing
Micromachined cantilevers in atomic force microscopes and sensors provide precise measurements of everything from molecular binding to acceleration, but their sensitivity can present a problem. A reflected laser beam typically is used to measure...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
High-Power Photonic Crystal Fiber Lasers
The use of optical fiber has expanded dramatically in recent years. Arising from a technology strongly focused on telecommunications, fiber now may be found in such diverse fields as biotechnology, astronomy and medicine. One of the fastest...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
High-Speed Imaging Reveals the Invisible
High-speed video cameras can visualize high-speed phenomena that the naked eye cannot see. Although earlier versions used film, new types use a videotape recorder and solid-state imaging, enabling applications for high-speed photography in a number...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Hybrid Plasmonic Nanostructures May Improve Spectroscopic Techniques
Nanorice, tiny metallic particles shaped like grains of rice, combines the plasmonic properties of nanorods and nanoshells to enable its application in surface plasmon resonance and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopies for molecular sensing....
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Mid-IR Spectrometer Incorporates Difference-Frequency
Scientists at Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Pozzuoli, Italy, have demonstrated a 2.9- to 3.5-µm integrated cavity output spectrometer that employs a difference-frequency generator as its source....
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Nanoparticle-Loaded Thermosensitive Microgel Changes Color
A hybrid material whose optical properties change color with temperature may find a place in biomedical applications such as drug delivery. Developed by Haruma Kawaguchi and Daisuke Suzuki of Keio University in Yokohama, Japan, the material...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
New Organic LED Designs Presented
Organic LEDs (OLEDs) are of interest as low-cost replacements for LCDs because they are easier to fabricate and do not require a backlight to function, potentially making them more energy efficient. Two groups of researchers at National Taiwan...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Quantum Dots May Enable New Radiation Detectors
The work of a pair of scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, Calif., indicates that quantum dots may serve as suitable scintillator materials for the development of high-resolution room-temperature gamma-ray detectors....
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Seconds of Data … YEARS OF TRYING
In late May 2005, my colleagues and I performed the first two-way laser link over an interplanetary distance.1 In doing so, we set the record for the longest distance over which a laser pulse has been detected. Not long after the experiment, I...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Standing-Wave Spectrometer May Fill Instrumentation Gap
Researchers at International University Bremen and at Forschungszentrum Jülich, both in Germany, have demonstrated a standing-wave spectrometer that consists of a partially transmissive optoelectronic detector and a mirror. Compared with that of a...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Terahertz Source Employs Intracavity Optical Parametric Oscillator
Terahertz radiation — electromagnetic waves in the spectral region between the far-infrared and microwaves — has applications from medical imaging and the detection of illicit drugs to security screening. But terahertz-generation schemes typically...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
The Power of Light: Photonic Power Innovations in Medical, Energy and Wireless Applications
Traditionally, copper and coaxial cable have been used to power remote electronics such as sensors, transducers and communication devices. However, these devices frequently are located in environments that are hazardous, electrically noisy,...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
Ultraprecision Molding Suitable for Aspheric Fast-Axis-Collimation Microlenses
The high-power diode laser achieves the highest level of performance of any laser source. Its compact design, convenient electrical input and extremely high level of efficiency have made it indispensable in a variety of applications, and it can be...
Photonics Spectra, May 2006
(2,924 results found)

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