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FCS Helps to Track Individual Molecules
During Polystyrene Formation
Polymers are very important, whether they are artificial (plastics) or natural (proteins). Various techniques have been used to explore the processes involved in the formation of polymers from simpler molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance and fluorescence spectroscopies can provide information about polymerization kinetics, for example, but only by averaging information from bulk ensembles of monomers as they convert to polymers. Images acquired with an inverted...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Gaining High Resolution with Nanoaperture Grid
Researchers at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena have demonstrated a subwavelength-resolution microscopy technique that uses a two-dimensional grid of tiny holes to increase resolution in a manner similar to that of a near-field...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
High-Brightness LEDs for Light Engines
Increasing the output performance of LED-powered projectors is within our grasp. When the first LED-powered projectors were commercialized, they generated interest because of new properties and features such as permanent lamps, superior battery...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
High-Refractive-Index Encapsulants for High-Brightness LEDs
High-brightness LEDs have developed rapidly during the past five years. They are used in traffic lights, signs and specialty lighting and in new applications such as backlight units for LCDs, headlamps for cars and street lighting. The efficiencies...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Improving the Profitability of LEDs
LEDs have proliferated as a result of increased mobile phone sales, but pricing pressure has held revenue growth at only about 8 percent over the past two years, according to a recent report, “LED Manufacturing Technologies,” by Yole Développement...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Optofluidics Emerges from the Laboratory
For centuries, the components in optical systems have been made from a variety of glasses and metals. More recently, however, they have been created from plastic and semiconductor materials. In other words, optical materials in general are solid in...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Power LEDs for Machine Vision Lighting
Smart cameras, at a reduced price, have continued to increase capabilities for machine vision applications, but lighting has not kept pace. There is hope, however, if lighting designers take advantage of performance and packaging...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Quantum Cascade Laser Array Provides Flexibility
for IR Spectroscopy
Quantum cascade lasers — devices that can operate at infrared and terahertz wavelengths — are the only semiconductor lasers that can generate at room temperature wavelengths from 3 to 15 μm, the “molecular absorption fingerprint” region of the...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Quantum Systems Directly Probed by Photons
Microcavity systems that track and measure the quantum interactions that occur between light and matter have been devised by two research teams in California. Although cavity quantum electrodynamic systems come in a variety of configurations,...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
See-Through Nanowires Used to Drive Transparent Organic LEDs
As the push to create optically transparent and mechanically flexible LED displays for the next generation of portable electronic devices continues, researchers are looking for ways to conceal the internal electronics that drive these...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Solar Cells Constructed with Silicon Nanowires
Although most photovoltaic cells are constructed from traditional crystalline silicon, researchers are seeking alternatives to power a generation of solar technology with improved efficiency and lower costs. One method being considered involves...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Thin-Film-Coating Nuances of UV Optics
Over the past decade, thin-film coating technology and designs have improved significantly, resulting in lower-loss filters and in mirrors that are more spectrally accurate and that perform better under a variety of operational environments. In the...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Reveals Laser Control of Nanochannels
Scientists are interested in optoelectronics applications, such as optical memory storage, and in molecular machines that mimic biological molecules, which usually exhibit precision superior to that of man-made devices. These diverse fields may...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
Which Way Out? Solar Cells That Trap Light
Although the supply of sunlight is endless, the ability to effectively harness this vast power source remains limited. Most of the photons that hit low-cost thin-film solar cells simply bounce off, and their energy is never captured. In recent...
Photonics Spectra, February 2008
A Better View of the Ocean
With the new year, there will be new scientific outposts in the ocean. Unlike floating buoys or transiting ships, these cabled and fixed observatories should allow researchers to measure that which has been hidden and should enable them to do so...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
A Brighter Blue
Studies have suggested that colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots made up of II-VI compounds may be a cost-effective option for flat panel displays as well as for solid-state lighting. Most quantum dot LEDs, however, were developed as single-layer...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
A New Material for Red LEDs
The general illumination market has seen the rapid evolution of white and blue LEDs, whereas yellow-, amber- and red-spectrum LEDs have lagged behind because they are plagued by issues of color stability and power efficiency. Traditionally, red LEDs...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
Bragg Grating Waveguides: Extending Bragg Technology into Three Dimensions
Conventional optical waveguides are transparent structures, providing a refractive index contrast that guides optical fields via total internal reflection. Optical fiber is the best-known example, delivering light signals around the world while...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
Busting Myths About LED Reliability
The marketing hype touting LEDs as having a useful lifetime of more than 100,000 h simply is not true. It is possible that an LED may function after 100,000 h, but it may not provide useful or usable light for that duration, and the application or...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
Combined Instrument Reveals Relationships Between Chemistry and Surface Physics
Researchers from Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta have combined two highly sensitive techniques into a single system and have demonstrated its efficacy on a model process. The combination revealed a correspondence between changes in...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
Fabricating Flat Panel Displays with Lasers
Flat panel displays are sophisticated devices and require sophisticated manufacturing techniques. More and more, lasers are becoming an integral part of the manufacturing process for flat panel displays and other microelectronics because lasers can...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
FTIR Spectroscopy Separates Good Green Teas from Also-Rans
Although tea comes from just one source plant, Camellia sinensis, it can be fermented, processed and brewed to impart a multitude of flavors. Considered one of the most popular drinks in the world, tea is revered especially in Asia, and green tea...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
Keeping an Eye on Carbon Nanotube Growth
Thanks to their electrical characteristics, high thermal conductivity and great tensile strength, carbon nanotubes could be the material of the future. At present, however, they are too expensive for widespread use. Now a group from Toyota Central...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
Laser Dicing Technique Cuts Wafers from the Inside Out
Wafer fabs continually face challenges in manufacturing semiconductor devices because the devices continue to get tinier and more complicated. Integrated circuits continue to increase in circuit density. Trends in chip design and materials, such as...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
LED Light from Single High-Brightness Chip
LEDs have been around for close to half a century and have made steady progress, not the least of which is their availability in nearly every color. However, challenges remain, including the need in many applications for an array of LEDs that...
Photonics Spectra, January 2008
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