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Fiber Laser Simulators: Challenges and Opportunities
From micron-size transistors to jumbo jets, all technological marvels have been simulated at some point in their development. And not only technology: Weather, stock markets and even the future of human society are predicted by computers — although the last, so far, is available only in Isaac Asimov’s novels. For that reason, we are not going to explain what a computer simulator is and how it helps to design more quickly, more accurately and less expensively. The purpose of this article is to...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Following Flow by Mapping Heat
Researchers at Zhejiang University of Technology in Hangzhou, China, have found that a little bit of warmth can go a long way when it comes to understanding the distillation process. The group used a thermal infrared camera to track the flow of warm...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Identifying Atoms by Feel
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) and other scanning probe devices can map surfaces on an atomic scale but have not been able to distinguish one type of atom from another using purely mechanical means. Now researchers have used an AFM to identify...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Laser Heat Forms Nanobubbles
Boiling water was thought to be a well-understood phenomenon until we entered the age of nanomaterials. Now the concept of nanobubbles, which collect on a surface when it is heated to boiling, is under study. A team from the National Institute of...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Laser-Induced Fluid Flow
Lasers can do many things, including pushing particles and trapping them. Theoretical physicists from the University of Chicago predicted that lasers also can influence fluid flow. Together with experimentalists from the University of Bordeaux I in...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Nanoscale ‘Pins’ Enhance SERS
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is still a young technique, but it shows promise for elemental and chemical analysis in the semiconductor and biology fields, among others. It has been well established that using silver or gold nanoscale...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Seeing Smaller Features with Surface Plasmons
Imaging using surface plasmon resonance — electron oscillations induced by light at a metal/dielectric interface — can reveal hidden features such as minute changes in biochemical structures. However, surface plasmon resonance imaging can be fuzzy...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Selecting the Appropriate Optical Mount
When engineers are choosing optics, a common mistake they make is overlooking the integration of optical mounts into their systems. There are a variety of mounts available for holding lenses, prisms, mirrors, filters and other optical components....
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Silver Nanostructures with Unique Optical Properties Created
Silver nanobars and nanorice with the ability to scatter and absorb light in the near-infrared have been produced by controlling the assembly of silver atoms in solution. These nanostructures could compete with nanorods made of gold as contrasting...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Thin-Disk Lasers Come of Age
The thin-disk laser is a diode-pumped solid-state laser that produces high output power with both high efficiency and excellent beam quality. Since the first demonstration of the principle, by Adolf Giesen at the University of Stuttgart in 1993,1...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Three-Band White LED Shows Stability and High Color Rendering Index
LED technology has advanced to the point where white LEDs are bright enough for general illumination, yet they are not without problems. Traditionally they have been developed by combining red, green and blue LEDs, but the problem with this approach...
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
Twisting the light away
Reducing the size of spectroscopic biosensors by integrating waveguides into microchannel systems is generally a good idea, but it is limited because the beam from the light source typically intersects with the analyte at a relatively small window....
Photonics Spectra, May 2007
A Single Dot Marks the Spot for Nanowire LEDs
From wires nanometers in size, an industry hopes that mighty lights will grow. That goal — as well as the ability to perform quantum optics experiments — has gotten a boost, thanks to researchers from the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
A Spectrometer That Spans Octaves
Singing the musical scales provides a hint as to why users of grating-based spectrometers must be careful: After beginning with do, the scale ends up back at the same note but an octave higher. In spectrometers, diffraction orders also repeat,...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
AFM Measures Photocurrent Distribution in Solar Cells
The power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells remains below desired levels, in part because variations in processing conditions alter film morphologies. Current microscopy techniques can provide information on these structural effects;...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Building Hybrid LEDs by Directly Writing Blended Polymers
In animal breeding, hybrids can be superior to either parent. The same may be true for LEDs, given recent research from the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, UK, and Imperial College London, where investigators fabricated hybrid...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Highly Efficient Near-Infrared OLED Created
By using a different type of doping agent, researchers have significantly enhanced the efficiency of organic LEDs (OLEDs) that emit in the NIR region. Diodes with such capabilities have applications for night-vision displays and sensors. An...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
How Temperature Affects Silicone Encapsulants in High-Brightness LED Applications
Historically, high temperatures have negatively affected the function of LED chips; however, recent designs from companies such as Philips Lumileds Lighting Co. reportedly perform at temperatures as high as 185 °C without compromising output. The...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Infrared Imaging: The Short and the Long of It
Where vision ends, infrared begins. Stretching from 0.7 to 1000 μm, the infrared spectrum covers a lot of ground, as do the imaging applications that make use of this part of the spectrum. These applications include biological studies,...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Infrared Scene Projection: Virtual Reality for IR Sensor Testing
Over the past three decades, infrared scene projection has evolved into a critical laboratory tool for evaluation of high-performance infrared imagers and their embedded algorithms. This technology projects accurate, realistic and dynamic IR...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Laser Annealing Helps Broaden Response of Quantum-Dot LEDs
A wider emission band is better for broadband light sources, which are important for spectrum-sliced wavelength division multiplexing, fiber-based data transmission and optical coherence tomography applications. Consequently, scientists have been...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Mass-Producing Infrared Metamaterials
Some metamaterials have a negative refractive index, a physical property not found in natural substances. This property could enable the production of telecommunication components with very low noise, or it could permit the fabrication of...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Relationship of Temperature Rise to Incident Laser Power in Optical Traps
Optical trapping often is used to evaluate nanometer-size systems by introducing up to hundreds of milliwatts of laser power into the focus. The resulting power intensity can raise local temperatures and induce unwanted physical, chemical or...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Short-Wavelength Quantum-Cascade Lasers
There exists a gap in the performance of semiconductor lasers in the 3- to 5-μm-wavelength range, a spectral range of particular interest for molecular spectroscopy as well as for applications such as directed infrared countermeasures. The 3-...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
Silicon Photonic Modulator Transmits Data at 30 Gb/s
High-speed optical modulators are a key component for optical communications and for future optical interconnect applications. Today’s commercially available optical modulators at 10 Gb/s are based on electro-optic materials such as lithium niobate...
Photonics Spectra, April 2007
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