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Chalcogenide Glass, Advanced for All-Optical Processing
To operate at high bit rates of 160 Gb/s and beyond, optical communications systems must be able to process signals entirely in the optical domain, thereby overcoming the speed limitations associated with optoelectronic conversion. All-optical signal processing involves the control of light by light, which is possible only in a nonlinear optical material. Before the adoption of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the 1990s, the only means of expanding the bandwidth of an optical system...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Developing a Nondestructive Way to Characterize Cement Alternatives
The production of Portland cement — with which concrete is made — is responsible for about 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions. Among the efforts to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions is the scientific investigation of geopolymers made from...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Double-Pulse Format for Improved Laser Drilling
Lasers have been used to produce high-aspect-ratio holes — i.e., holes whose depth-to-diameter ratio is much greater than 10:1 — for applications that include oil galleries in engine blocks, aerospace turbine-engine cooling holes and for scientific...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Flat Panel Displays Go Green
The LCD is now the dominant flat panel display and continues to take market share from other technologies. These displays span from small units for handheld devices to large panels for wall-mounted televisions. Although they are not yet available to...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Germanium Quantum Wells for High-Performance Modulators in Silicon Photonics
Silicon electronics technology dominates information processing and offers a remarkable way to make very complex systems for very little cost. Many of the waveguide passive optical components used today in telecommunications such as wavelength...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
In a Disaster, Robots Go Where Humans Cannot
Disaster City, a 52-acre training facility in College Station, Texas, was the setting for a mock-disaster exercise in June. Train wrecks, collapsed buildings and piles of rubble with realistic signatures sprinkled throughout to help rescuers locate...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
LCD Panel Market Readjusts
When consumer demand is up for large-size televisions, it would seem logical that profits for all components would be up as well. However, according to the electronics industry market analysis company iSuppli Corp. of El Segundo, Calif., the price...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Monitoring — and Possibly Improving — Superconducting Films
Researchers at Stanford University in California have devised a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectivity monitoring technique that determines simultaneously the temperature and optical properties of a superconducting film as it is being...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Patterning Films with Fewer Steps
A team of researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and from Anvik Corp. of Hawthorne, N.Y., has demonstrated a fabrication technique that inscribes patterns onto thin films of indium tin oxide in fewer steps than are typically...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Scanning Light Microscopy Uses Nonlinear Properties of KNbO3 Nanowires
Efficient second harmonic generation and wave mixing make potassium niobate (KNbO3) nanowires ideal sources of tunable, coherent light and instruments for subwavelength microscopy, according to Peidong Yang and his group from the University of...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Solar Cells, Array Films Constructed from Nanotubes
Thin-film solar cells have been fabricated from double-walled carbon nanotubes, a material that is relatively untapped in photovoltaic designs but that offers high photoconductivity, mobility and stability. Researchers from Tsinghua University in...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
The Electronic Paper Chase
The growth of flat panel displays over the past decade has been a remarkable story and has enabled the proliferation of flat screens into a number of product categories. Flat panel displays are used primarily in televisions, computer monitors,...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
The Making of a Flexible Active-Matrix OLED Display
Imagine a display as thin as paper that can be rolled into a small tube, wrapped around objects such as a cell phone, dropped on the ground or even hammered and yet still function. In addition, the exhibit shows the highly pure color and crisp...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Thin, Colorful Carbon Films
A research group comprising members from Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, and from Peking University has found that when a thin anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film on an aluminum substrate is coated uniformly with carbon, the result is an...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Tuning LEDs Is Like Mixing Paints
To get the right light for displays and other devices, you need the proper mix of red, green and blue. Now a team from MIT in Cambridge, Mass., has demonstrated that the same idea can be applied when making LEDs using quantum dots. By using the...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Using Lithography to Enhance LED Efficiency
To increase the brightness of LEDs, the devices’ current-spreading layers can be synthesized from indium tin oxide instead of nickel and gold. Texturing the surface of the indium tin oxide layers can boost light output further. However, techniques...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Adding Depth to Spectroscopy Imaging
Conventional spectrometers examine just one location that scientists hope is representative of a whole sample. With spectroscopic imaging, a single point of information can be replaced by measurements from many locations. Now researchers at the...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Building a Telescope to Supplant Hubble
In 2013, the James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch. Three months later, it will settle into a spot about 1 million miles from Earth, from which it will record light from nearly the beginning of time and from the edge of space. By...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Detecting Motion, No Matter How Small
A virus isn’t big. A few years ago, a nanomechanical sensor found that one tipped the scale at a few attograms. Such instruments now have the potential to sense mass an order of magnitude smaller, on the scale of zeptograms. However, small-scale...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Efficient Semipolar Blue LEDs Created on Freestanding Substrate
Blue LEDs with high quantum efficiency and significantly reduced polarization-related internal electric fields have been successfully fabricated on freestanding semipolar substrates by researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara....
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Electrified Liquid Crystals Make Nanorods Stand Up
Unlike spherical and otherwise-shaped nanostructures, semiconductor nanorods cause light to polarize along their axis. But without the ability to coordinate their orientation, the nanorods’ special capability cannot be fully utilized. Scientists at...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Electron-Multiplying CCD Camera in X-ray Imaging
With the onset of improved, patient-specific treatments for vascular disease, along with advancing diagnostic techniques, there is an increasing need for high-resolution images obtainable in real time. Current state-of-the-art medical x-ray image...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Eye Safety in the Laser Lab
One of the most ubiquitous items on the optical table is the beam block. It gets moved around, sometimes to block a stray reflection, at other times to block a “what if” beam. (What if I miss the mirror?) But despite the beam block’s omnipresence, I...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Glass Molding Makes Aspheric Lenses a Practical Choice
In the early 1970s, Eastman Kodak developed precision glass-molding technology to make 3- to 10-mm-diameter aspheric glass elements for lens systems being designed for cameras that contained film on a disc instead of on a roll. The lens systems had...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
Helium-Ion Microscopy
When it comes to imaging at high magnifications, the traditional optical microscope has given way to a number of alternative technologies, each with its advantages and its shortcomings. One, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), has been around...
Photonics Spectra, August 2007
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