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High-Brightness Multilayer Optical Film Light Source
Liquid crystal on silicon projection systems are used in rear- and front-projection television, and in head-mounted displays, and they have the potential to be used in nanoprojectors. They are built on silicon wafers with a reflective plane and, instead of using the traditional transmissive LCD, the light enters the front, reflects off a mirror and exits. The transmission of multilayer optical film (MOF), wire grid and MacNeille polarizing beamsplitters is the product of p-polarized light...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Metal-Coated Fibers
Glass optical fibers typically are manufactured with a polymer buffer or coating that protects the glass from scratches that would severely reduce the inherent strength of the fiber. Polymer coatings have been used for more than 25 years in the...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Multiphoton, Multifocal Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
One multiphoton microscope is good, but more can be better, especially when it comes to speed. A team of researchers has combined multifocal, multiphoton excitation with time-correlated single-photon-counting detection to increase the image...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Opening Optical Fibers Without Sacrificing Robustness
Access to the core of an optical fiber is required for many applications, including evanescent wave sensing. Direct access to the core of conventional optical fibers has been achieved typically by removing the fiber cladding by etching or by...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Organic Thin-Film Solar Cell Research at Stanford University
Although extremely simple in concept, successful photovoltaic devices for solar energy production will require the optimization of many different parameters involving material electron donor properties, electrode configurations, substrate mechanics...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Rear-Projection Helps New Avionics Displays Fit into Old Cockpits
A plane’s cockpit is a tight space, full of displays that are rectangular, square, circular, trapezoidal or something else, all of which convey vital information to the pilot. Because most displays in use today are based on older technology,...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Silicon Nanowires Show Promise for Solar Applications
As the search continues for efficient and inexpensive materials to harvest solar energy, investigators at MIT in Cambridge have found that silicon nanowire arrays may offer some advantages over the more established thin-film...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Silicon Photomultiplier Detectors for Low-Light Detection
Low-light detectors and multidetector imagers enable a wide range of applications, including cell imaging, biodiagnostic instrumentation, semiconductor wafer inspection, particle counting, nuclear medicine, radiation detection and quantum...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
The Common Thread
The telecommunications industry was the first market to use fiber optic components and devices in high volume. The expertise gained by bringing fiber optic components and devices to the performance and reliability levels needed now can be applied in...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
The Illuminated Laser Warning Sign
The traffic light is a universally recognized device (except perhaps by the severely color-blind). Green means proceed through the intersection — it is safe; red means stop — danger; and yellow means (no, it doesn’t mean hurry up and beat the red)...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Uncovering the Best Way to Turn Dull Wood Pulp into Bright Paper
When making paper, manufacturers typically use hydrogen peroxide to bleach the processed wood pulp, thus brightening the final product. To avoid delignifying the pulp — reducing the pulp yield and destroying the fibers that provide strength — the...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
Using Software to Validate Assumptions in Projector Design
Designers often are faced with the daunting task of translating vague requirements for a complex device into a set of design specifications for individual components. Then they must use those specifications to create a working design. Each decision...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
UV LED Created with Nanorod Heterostructures
Vertically aligned nanorod arrays that exhibit strong near-ultraviolet emission have been created by researchers seeking to simplify the LED fabrication process. Sung Jin An and Gyu-Chul Yi of the National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods...
Photonics Spectra, December 2007
A New Approach to Adaptive Optics for Materials Processing
When it comes to shaping the intensity patterns or wavefronts of light, fixed lenses are convenient, but often the need for frequent reshaping requires adaptive optical elements. There are a number of such active technologies, each with advantages...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Advances in Camera Phone Picture Quality
As camera phones become ubiquitous, consumer demand for a photographic experience similar to that of traditional digital cameras is growing. Coupled with the ready availability of high-definition displays, this need has translated into a requirement...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Big Challenges of Small Pixels
The burgeoning camera phone market is creating a growing need for very compact high-megapixel sensors. Highly shrunken pixel designs for such sensors present challenges such as reducing pixel crosstalk and color disparity, eliminating image lag and...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Efficient Deep-Blue Organic LED Created
An efficient deep-blue organic LED (OLED) that could be used for display applications has been created by researchers in Taiwan. Although a number of such devices have been fabricated in recent years, important structural information about how...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Finding a Way to Predict How Good a Cup o’ Joe Will Be
The difference between a great-tasting cup of coffee and a bland one depends on many factors, including the coffee plant species, the steps taken to produce the plants and, perhaps primarily, the roasting process. During roasting, coffee beans...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Joining Optical Components with Silica Nanoparticles
Assembling optical components requires some type of bonding mechanism, often using epoxies, glass frits or other materials to join two or more pieces. No matter what type of bonding material or process is used, however, there often are limitations...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Open-Loop Image Control
Because of the current trend of decreasing pixel size to increase pixel count on CMOS imaging sensors, autofocus is becoming necessary to maximize the use of the sensor in its full-resolution capability over a wide depth of field. Hence, autofocus...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Optimizing an EMCCD for Spectroscopy
Since it was introduced to the analytical research industry, electron-multiplying (EM) CCD technology has been successfully employed in a variety of spectroscopy applications, and its use has led to dramatic improvements in signal-to-noise ratio...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Organic Thin-Film Solar Cell Research Conducted at Stanford University
Global energy consumption is inexorably increasing, driven by population growth and the wave of industrialization in developing countries. Today the world uses about 13 TW of power. Projections are that about 30 TW will be needed by 2050. The sun...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Phone Enables Instant Image Capture
Some mobile phone camera users want a device with true point-and-shoot ability — a camera that captures high-quality images over a wide variety of object distances with no time delay. Whether shooting panoramas, portraits or close-ups, or even...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Portable Ozone Detection Without the Heat
Too much ozone can cause breathing problems, especially among asthma sufferers, because it irritates the lungs. Concerns over ground-level emission of ozone, by common devices such as early-model photocopiers and laser printers, have driven the...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
Quantum Dots as Tiny Thermometers
As technology gets smaller and smaller, it is becoming increasingly difficult to take accurate temperature readings in systems that are measured in the micro- and nanometer ranges. Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, and from...
Photonics Spectra, November 2007
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