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Features

Liquids and Gels Fill Gaps in Tricky Optical Designs

The physical and optical properties of liquids and gels make them ia naturali for solving problems in optics design applications. They can flow into the most difficult design situations, and optical-quality materials are available for many refractive indices, temperature coefficients, chemical combinations and transmittance factors. Choosing the right liquid for a given application involves considering how a liquid material's optical and physical properties can work together to solve a specific...

Photonics Spectra, October 1997

New lithography system shortens fabrication process

Instead of pushing to reduce the feature size on chips, one company is improving lithography by reducing the number of steps required to manufacture chip layers with non-critical dimensions, thereby shrinking the overall chip production time.

Photonics Spectra, October 1997

Scanners likely to overtake steppers

While thereis not a complete consensus, several experts including and Intel, the worldis largest chip manufacturer, say that step-and-scan lithography machines will likely usurp the favored-son status from step-and-repeat machines as wafer sizes...

Photonics Spectra, October 1997

Microspectroscopy:

Imagine watching a single chemical bond be created or broken, examining a crystalis molecular arrangement or seeing the molecular distribution of lipids, proteins, and minerals in clogged arteries. Increasingly, this is the kind of work that...

Photonics Spectra, September 1997

Military Nets:

The old saw, itoo much is never enough,i could be the credo of any soldier going into battle. Information is power. Advanced imaging systems and defense systems can produce information streams in the gigabits per second, pushing the electronic...

Photonics Spectra, September 1997

Motion Control:

Moving from one place to another, quickly and accurately, is the realm of motion control, and precise movements are key requirements of applications such as optical sectioning, critical dimension metrology, waveguide alignment and nearfield optical...

Photonics Spectra, September 1997

Optical Fibers Thrive on Hazardous Duty

For 25 years, the optical fiber was little more than a fancy telephone wire, but manufacturing engineers, materials researchers and military scientists around the world are starting to turn up the heat and pressure. In recent months and years,...

Photonics Spectra, September 1997

Photonics plays a role in all areas of military development: Sensing, Detecting the Enemy: Photonics Expands Strategic Vision

The greatest trick in any battle is seeing the enemy before they see you. Unlike radar and other active detection systems, optical detection is mainly a passive detection system, meaning that the act of detection does not emit a tell-tale sign to...

Photonics Spectra, September 1997

Technology Transfers Both Ways

In today's military, the fable of the $300 toilet seat has joined the ranks of the left-handed monkey wrench. A new program in the US military should help prevent taxpayers for paying too much for too little, while also boosting commercial...

Photonics Spectra, September 1997

Weapons of War:

Military lasers have become the weapons that existed only in science fiction novels a generation ago. From blowing enemy missiles out of the sky to tracking enemy targets, the sheer numbers of laser weapons has prompted a new way of thinking within...

Photonics Spectra, September 1997

Auto Manufacturing:

Despite its reputation as being conservative about adopting new technologies, the automotive industry has a firm grasp of photonics, and it actively encourages developments that can improve its bottom line. It's not a great stretch of the...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Cardiology:

Keyhole" is the buzzword for lasers in cardiovascular surgery, as it is in many other surgical disciplines. Minimally invasive procedures are being cultivated to reduce the injury and healing time for patients, and reduce the cost for insurance...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Chemical Industries:

For years, the chemical industries manufactured products, ship them, store them and dispose of waste essentially unhindered. Environmental awareness, government regulation and economic factors over the last two decades have forced these industries...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Computer Disks Require Precision Measurements

In 1996, Seagate Technology shipped 26.8 percent of the world's hard disk drives, according to DISK/TREND. Company officials say process automation has been one of the company's keys to competitive success, and photonics is a major factor in quality...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Dentistry: Manufacturing Technology Works in the Mouth

It doesn't take a huge stretch of the imagination to consider the possiblity that the technology that drills precise holes in metal parts might also be able to drill precise holes in teeth. The reality is that while lasers have been used for several...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Medical Imaging:

The field of medical imaging has embraced numerous technologies in the last twenty years. Terms that were unfamiliar even to medical professionals only a few decades ago -- computed tomography, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging -- are now...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Medical Sensing:

Noninvasive medical sensors have been an enigma to many in the research and development sectors in recent years. So close to becoming viable, yet not close enough, they have inhabited the no manis land between the chalk board and the potentially...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Ophthalmology:

Lasers have worked in ophthalmology almost since the laser was invented in 1960. Granted, the techniques have changed and new procedures have evolved, but ophthalmological lasers remain among the most widely used of all surgical lasers. Global...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Pharmaceuticals:

The 1990s have marked a decade of significant change for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. New governmental regulations in the US have prompted capital expenditures for automated inspection equipment that is increasingly replacing...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Photonics in Industry:

Photonics cuts and welds, verifies shapes and labels, and assesses function. It helps produce quality products and verify that quality. Quality issues are the stuff of symposia throughout the world. Every industry faces a steady and increasing...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Power Generators:

Energy use is increasing around the world, driven by expanding industry and populations. At the same time, concerns about the environmental impact of generating plants emissions are driving changes in designs and operation. To improve these designs...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Semiconductors:

A major change in the semiconductor industry is prompting considerable growth in the demand for instrumentation and manufcturing tools. Wafers are getting larger, and lithography design improvements are narrowing features' the line width and...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Telecommunications:

Telecommunications is primarily a photonic endeavor in the 1990s. Optical fiber carries signals from lasers to detectors, which just happen to turn those photons into electrons for the ride to a switch that sends it to a television, a telephone or...

Photonics Spectra, August 1997

Imaging with Nonlinear Optics

One of the more surprising applications of femtosecond lasers is the imaging of sensitive biological structures, which appear to tolerate the onslaught of peak power densities of more that 1011 W/cm2, better than the 105 W/cm2 in a confocal or even...

Photonics Spectra, July 1997

Instrumentation Keeps Pace with Pulsed Lasers

Ss the laser solves more and more problems in industry and the laboratory, applications follow for laser instrumentation that can analyze a laser's power, energy, beam quality and stability. And as the laser expands its abilities to meet the needs...

Photonics Spectra, July 1997

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