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Controlled Light Exposure Microscopy for Confocal Imaging
Fluorescence imaging of live cells and tissues is a powerful technique that is increasingly finding new applications in the biological sciences.1 However, photobleaching and phototoxicity can present significant challenges for many types of live-cell imaging experiments, including many laser-based applications. Photobleaching — the fading of fluorophore molecules — can seriously degrade image quality and limit the amount of time useful data can be collected from live cells.2 Phototoxicity also...
BioPhotonics, April 2007
Taking It to the Streets with SPR
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) — a label-free technique for measuring biomolecular interactions in real time — benefits a wide variety of applications, from basic science to drug discovery. The technique monitors the refractive index of materials...
BioPhotonics, April 2007
LEDs Have a Bright Future in Biomedical Instruments
Bright but not yet brilliant might be the best way to describe LEDs as they are used in biomedical instruments and research applications. The advent of high-brightness LEDs that produce light across the visible and ultraviolet spectra, along with...
BioPhotonics, March 2007
Measuring Colocalization within Fluorescence Microscopy Images
Intermolecular interactions between receptors and small ligands, nucleic acids and proteins, as well as between various proteins, are tightly regulated within cells as the molecular-level mechanism that controls almost all biochemical processes —...
BioPhotonics, March 2007
Probes Light the Way for Advances in FRET
First described almost 60 years ago, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) traditionally uses two molecules — donor and acceptor — to visualize biological activity. Today the technique continues to evolve. In FRET, if molecules are close...
BioPhotonics, February 2007
Ultrafast, Ultrawide-Band Spectroscopy
The interdisciplinary study of molecular science aims to expand our knowledge of everything around us, from the molecular bonds that give plastic widgets their strength to the electron transitions that power microprocessors, lasers and society as a...
BioPhotonics, February 2007
Adaptive Optics Under the Microscope
Originally developed to see the very large and far away, adaptive optics is now being used to see the very small and relatively near. Astronomers perform a technique that rapidly adjusts optical elements, typically mirrors, to remove the twinkle...
BioPhotonics, January 2007
Detection Systems Reduce Collisions with Wildlife on Rural Highways
As vehicular traffic increases, so do animal-vehicle collisions. Detection systems that sense when an animal may be near the road are installed in a few US states and at several locations in Europe to warn motorists to exercise caution. The...
BioPhotonics, January 2007
Molecular Imaging via MRI
When it comes to peering inside the body, MRI offers some significant advantages over other imaging techniques. It is noninvasive and rapid, does not involve potentially damaging ionizing radiation, and can spot problems deep within tissue. That is...
BioPhotonics, January 2007
Seeing Deeper with Multiphoton Microscopy
Multiphoton imaging has become a widespread and successful technique for high-resolution 3-D imaging of sensitive living samples, thick tissue sections and even of living animals. However, scientists using the technique are always looking to image...
BioPhotonics, January 2007
Finding Photonic Ways to Monitor Blood Sugar
Spectroscopic and fluorescence techniques might someday take the sting out of self-checking by diabetics. People afflicted with diabetes mellitus do not naturally produce enough insulin to process the sugars that they ingest into useful energy for...
BioPhotonics, December 2006
Frequency Division Multiplexed Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy
High-speed, multichannel fluorescence confocal imaging can be achieved by encoding the spatial location information into the frequency domain. Fluorescence confocal microscopy is an important tool for studying live biological cells, and it can...
BioPhotonics, December 2006
New Tools and Methods Accelerate Drug Discovery and Development
Microfluidics and optical imaging are bridging the productivity gap in drug development. The pharmaceutical industry is under intense pressure to improve the efficiency of drug discovery and development. Despite continued increases in research and...
BioPhotonics, December 2006
Endoscopic Confocal Microscopy Moves into the Clinic
Endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to screen patients and to investigate a wide variety of suspected health issues. It often involves a biopsy for subsequent laboratory analysis with various methods that include visual microscopy....
BioPhotonics, November 2006
Flow Cytometry Moves Ahead
When it comes to counting, examining and sorting cells in a moving fluid stream, researchers are not content to go with the flow. They are constantly looking for ways to improve the flow cytometers that are used for these tasks. In a flow cytometer,...
BioPhotonics, November 2006
Optical Filters for Multiphoton Microscopy
Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is similar to conventional fluorescence microscopy in that it images fluorescence from molecules that tag a target of interest in a cell. However, in a two-photon microscope, each fluorescent photon results not...
BioPhotonics, November 2006
Confocal Raman Microscopy: A Clinical and Biological Tool
Scientists in the fields of biology and biochemistry are familiar with some of the more common forms of spectroscopic analysis, such as absorption and emission spectroscopy. The former measures the amount of light absorbed at a given wavelength to...
BioPhotonics, October 2006
In Vivo Experimental Imaging of Complex Disease Processes
In vivo studies are the only way to accurately assess the interactions of multiple cell types in the context of complex anatomical features. Cancer and inflammatory disease, for example, represent the combined processes of cell migration and...
BioPhotonics, October 2006
Lasers Stimulate New Techniques in Nerve Studies
Neural tissue stimulation is used in research and clinical applications. Neuroscientists use nerve stimulation to answer fundamental questions about the function of the nervous system and to research diseases such as Parkinson’s and...
BioPhotonics, October 2006
FRET Ventures Out of the Lab
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) offers a unique means of visualizing biological activity. The technique uses two molecules, a donor and an acceptor. Upon excitation, if the molecules are close to one another, the donor transfers its...
BioPhotonics, September 2006
Nanobarcodes Check Out Genes
Genes carry information that controls the physical development and behavior of every biological organism. Gene expression changes dynamically in living cells and manifests as patterns with numerous combinations, reflecting the physiological states....
BioPhotonics, September 2006
Optical Traps Illuminate the Subcellular World
Optical trapping has been utilized in endeavors as varied as microfabrication, particle sorting and the study of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The technique, also known as optical tweezing, is particularly beneficial for studies on the cellular...
BioPhotonics, September 2006
Watching Golgi Maturation
Within cells, the Golgi apparatus gets things where they need to go. An organelle found in all eukaryotic organisms, the Golgi apparatus primarily takes in protein-containing vesicles, then modifies, sorts and ships them off to their final...
BioPhotonics, September 2006
A Medical Diagnostic Application of Raman Multimodal Multiplex Spectroscopy
The new and rapidly expanding field of nanoscale medical diagnostics requires the development of advanced sensor technologies to provide the selectivity and sensitivity needed to measure concentrations of target biomarker molecules at subnanomolar...
BioPhotonics, August 2006
Getting to the Core
At Harvard Medical School in Boston, Jennifer Waters is quite popular at times, especially when she’s running a one-day training workshop for postdoctoral researchers. She and her staff teach the course every two weeks, and that isn’t...
BioPhotonics, August 2006
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