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PCI Motion Control in Microscope Automation
Over the past 15 years, microscopes have been transformed from devices for which the operator had to adjust the stage position, focus, filters and shutters by hand, into advanced systems in which these functions are automated. This has paved the way for optical techniques such as calcium-ratio imaging, 4-D multidimensional imaging, precision deconvolution and time-dependence analysis. In the biological sciences, automation has saved investigators countless hours by allowing them to record...
Photonics Spectra, July 2006
Phosphor Placement in White LED Packages
To be useful in lighting applications and to compete with traditional light sources, the white LED must show further increases in luminous efficacy and in the amount of light generated by a single device. Currently, commercial white LEDs are...
Photonics Spectra, July 2006
Photonic Crystal Improves Output of Quantum Dot Films
The addition of a 2-D photonic crystal to the surface of LED structures boosts the output of these devices by freeing light that otherwise would be trapped inside. A team of scientists from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and from...
Photonics Spectra, July 2006
Polymer OLEDs Match Small-Molecule Efficiencies
Researchers from Universität zu Köln and Universität Potsdam, both in Germany, have developed polymer-based organic LEDs (OLEDs) that display an internal quantum efficiency approaching 100 percent and external quantum efficiencies that match the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2006
Subdiffraction-Limit Microscopy Exposes Vesicle Dynamics
Using a variant of fluorescence microscopy that enables subdiffraction-limit resolutions, scientists at Max Planck Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie in Göttingen, Germany, have imaged synaptic vesicle recycling in cultured neurons. The...
Photonics Spectra, July 2006
The Transistor Laser: A Natural for Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits
Since it was first demonstrated by John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain in 1947, the transistor has spawned a $300 billion semiconductor industry and has made possible our digital way of life, enabling computers, cell phones, MP3 players and the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2006
Time-Resolved Near-IR Spectroscopy Probes Potential Jump at Electrochemical Interface
The electrochemical interface where a solid meets a solution is of interest in the development of biosensors and fuel cells because it is where electron transfer occurs between electrodes and molecules. The techniques used to study reaction dynamics...
Photonics Spectra, July 2006
A New Look at Risley Prisms
With more and more applications requiring laser beams to be aimed at distant targets, such as for line-of-sight communications, aircraft-to-satellite secure communications, and laser weapons and countermeasures, there are increasing demands for...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Channeling Surface Plasmons
Modern communications systems must deal with huge amounts of data at ever-increasing speeds. In doing so, they try to use the best features of electronic and optical circuits. Electronic circuits are tiny, but their operation speed is limited....
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Dots Within Dots May Hit the Spot
Like nested dolls, quantum dots can reside inside microspheres. Quantum dots are a few nanometers in diameter and have bright, size-dependent emission. A single wavelength can be used to excite dots of different sizes, making multiplexing possible....
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Fluorescent/Phosphorescent White Organic LEDs Employ Singlets and Triplets
In their continuing pursuit of a replacement for the incandescent light bulb, researchers at Princeton University in New Jersey and at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, with the support of Universal Display Corp. of Ewing, N.J.,...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Frequency Comb Improves Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy
Spectral discrimination reveals band structures to identify analytes, but accessing spectral information has been challenging, as spectroscopists have been forced to balance the parameters of spectral range, sensitivity, resolution and acquisition...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
FTIR Spectroscopy Measures Sugars in Apples
One quantitative measure of the quality of fruit that can be employed to determine the optimum harvest time, to validate storage methods and to monitor processing is the relative amount of glucose, fructose and sucrose. High performance liquid...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
GaN LEDs Incorporate Laser Liftoff and Photonic Crystal
The material of choice for solid-state lighting solutions from the ultraviolet to the blue-green region of the spectrum has been GaN. As with all LED materials, however, the relatively high refractive index of GaN tends to result in the trapping of...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
In Situ Process Promises Mass Production of Nanowire-Based Photodetectors
A fundamental hurdle in the race to develop viable optoelectronic devices based on nanoscale structures is finding an easy way to place those structures as desired and to connect them with much larger components. Now John T.L. Thong and Jaslyn B.K....
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Innovative Technology Enables a New Architecture for the World’s Largest Laser
The world’s largest laser, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, Calif., is 85 percent complete (Figure 1). When operational, its 192 ultraviolet beams will converge on a target filled with...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
IR Spectroscopy Maps Linker Films
In fields as diverse as genomics and defense, surfaces must be scanned for traces of chemicals and other substances. The use of self-assembled monolayers is an effective method of modifying the properties of these surfaces, acting as linker films...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Laser Acts as Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope Probe
Researchers in China have demonstrated a near-field scanning optical microscope that employs a very small aperture laser diode as the probe, rather than a tapered optical fiber with a subdiffraction-limited aperture. The approach promises to boost...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Lasers Emerge as a Tool for the Direct Study of Electrons in Solids
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is the most direct way to observe the quantum-mechanical structure of electrons in solids and one of the key tools used to understand the complex electronic interactions that lead to high-temperature...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Microscale Tubes Incorporate Quantum Dots
A team at Max Planck Institut für Festkörperforschung in Stuttgart, Germany, has produced InGaAs/GaAs tubes with InAs quantum dots embedded in their walls. The structures suggest the feasibility of using self-assembly techniques to produce...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Nano-Raman Images on the Nanoscale with a Light Touch
When dealing with something delicate, you must be gentle. Researchers at Vanderbilt and Fisk universities, both in Nashville, Tenn., and at Istituto di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Rome thus turned to scanning...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Photonic Crystals Enable Single-Mode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) has been the subject of intense research since its development in 1977.1 The standard device structure consists of a doped, highly reflective bottom distributed Bragg reflector; an undoped,...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Photonics Set to Rescue Microprocessor Clocking
In the fast-paced and ever-changing microprocessor world, there is one undeniable truth: Photonic clocking will happen. It is just a question of when. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, which has been accurate in laying out...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
The Best of Both Worlds for Spectroscopy
Spectroscopists continue to push the boundaries of technology as they seek to learn more about life’s building blocks. From understanding how the human body works in minute detail to discovering and analyzing new planets, the limits of current...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Images Buried Nanoscale Features
Thanks to researchers at the University of Rochester in New York, looking below the surface may be easier — at least on a small scale. Using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, the group has mapped buried features with 30-nm resolution and has...
Photonics Spectra, June 2006
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