The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory’s Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering (CBSE) has received a U.S. patent for a self-assembling, self-repairing and self-contained microbial photoelectrochemical solar cell driven entirely by sunlight and microorganisms. This is a schematic depiction of simplified mechanism of power generation by the benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC), without box labeled '5' corresponding to photosynthesis, and for the microbial photoelectrochemical solar microbial fuel cell (SMFC) reported here, with box labeled 5. Other labels include: (1) biofilm catalyzed anode reaction; (2) biofilm catalyzed cathode reaction; (3) fermentative reaction, and (4) the microbial oxygen barrier. Courtesy of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. A solar microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a nonsemiconductor-based system that employs microorganisms to generate electric power by photosynthetically replenishing reactants of a sealed microbial fuel cell using sunlight. The glucose and oxygen SMFC reactants are internally regenerated by a group of photosynthetic microbes whose carbon dioxide and water reactants are the products of the microbial fuel cell. This interdependency results in many thousands of hours of long-term electricity generation from sunlight without replenishment of the microbial fuel cell reactants. "Natural photosynthetic systems such as trees and algae blooms self-repair, a property that makes them highly durable," said Lenny Tender, research chemist at CBSE. "Here, we incorporate photosynthetic organisms with the self-assembling and self-maintaining benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) to enable durable land-based photoelectrochemical solar cells." The BMFC generates electrical power by oxidizing organic matter residing in sediment pore water with oxygen in overlying water. It consists of an anode imbedded in the marine sediment connected by an external electrical circuit to a cathode positioned in overlying water. Unlike the open marine-based BMFC generator, the SMFC apparatus does not require an endless flux of reactants from sediment and seawater to persistently generate power, but recycles the organic matter sealed within the unit to regenerate the reactants. "Microorganisms harvested from sea water in shallow coastal environments, in relatively low abundance, become enriched when the cell is sealed due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and depletion of oxygen in the overlying water," Tender said. "These organisms use sunlight to convert the electrode products to glucose and oxygen, which can be re-utilized in the electrode reactions, eliminating the need for a constant flux of new glucose and oxygen." When there is abundant sunlight, photosynthesis will result in generation of fuel and oxidant, some of which can be used to generate power immediately, and the remainder accumulated to be used later when there is no sunlight. This is ideally done without the need for capacitor or battery storage devices. The SMFC can be "stacked" in series to increase voltage and can power any device that currently uses a conventional photovoltaic power supply.