Through pill marking, quality assurance and more, laser-based manufacturing processes and machine vision make medications safer for consumers and more profitable for pharmaceutical companies. In the multidisciplinary pharmaceutical industry, photonics plays an increasingly crucial role in the manufacturing process. From quality assurance to marking, the scope of photonics is wide-reaching. Specifically, the use of lasers and machine vision in pill manufacturing is revolutionizing functionality, security and speed while reducing overall cost. Data-matrix code, laser-inscribed on gelcaps with encrypted manufacturing information. In emerging economies, a growing problem exists with the development of medication containing a lower dosage of active ingredients, leading to patients not receiving the drug’s full benefit. Worst-case black market scenarios1 involve nonpharmaceutical-grade or harmful ingredients resembling medication, such as chalk and talcum powder, being used as substitutes. The gray market,1 on the other hand, manifests itself in several ways, but with reselling, importing and exporting that ultimately can have high costs both for the end consumer and the manufacturer. (“Gray market” goods are also termed parallel imports. This is when someone other than the designated exclusive importer buys genuine trademarked goods outside the U.S., for example, and imports them for sale in the U.S., in direct competition with exclusive U.S. importers.1) Gray market companies acting as secondary wholesalers are a growing problem within the industry, as well. When a pharmaceutical wholesaler sells to a secondary wholesaler, limited-availability prescription drug pricing can become inflated, with pills passing through the hands of numerous wholesalers.2 In anticipation of a shortage, these gray market companies incite panic and are able to resell drugs to consumers at higher prices.3,4 Pharmaceutical manufacturers should express concern over the gray market, particularly since it most commonly affects their bottom-line profit. When medicine is inexpensive in less-developed countries but moves through the gray market to be resold in countries without drug pricing regulation, such as the U.S., the availability of cheaper drugs in developed markets can take away from a manufacturer’s margins and profit.5 Laser marking of unique product identification, both overt and covert, helps control and promote an orderly supply chain. Lasers for pharma Lasers now are used in several ways for pharmaceuticals, particularly where traceability and security are important considerations. Packaging is being laser-marked with a unique identification number, allowing for manageable tracking through the supply chain. A given product can be traced to a specific manufacturing facility, batch number or manufacturing date, providing transparency and accountability and ultimately boosting consumer confidence. With pill marking, high-speed lasers have the capability to mark on the fly with a unique identification number, if desired – even down to individual pill level – without slowing down production speed. For many years, lasers have been used for pill drilling, with one of the most important applications of this technology being the osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system. This technology uses osmosis pressure as the driving force to dispense medicine in a controlled time-release manner.6 This drug delivery system, in the form of a pill, usually consists of a semipermeable outer membrane, the medicine and an osmotic core that drives the delivery of medicine through the laser-drilled hole. An osmotic pump drug delivery system. Several other methods for slow time-release drug delivery exist, with the commonality being a semi- or insoluble outer layer and either single or multiple laser-drilled holes. Recent years have seen a significant increase in demand for improved manufacturing methods for time-controlled drug delivery systems. With the expiration of several primary patents for osmotic pump delivery, the adaptation of this technology has grown. Laser drilling also is used in fast medicine release, not only in slow time-release. In this method, a pill’s protective outer layer is laser-drilled with a multihole pattern, causing the outer shell to collapse once the pill comes into contact with water in the digestive system. As with pill drilling, direct laser pill marking has become an important use of lasers in the pharmaceutical industry. Before lasers, pills traditionally were imprinted using one of two methods.7 In the first method, a mark is molded into a pill during the compression of the powder in the manufacturing process. This method is limited, however, as it allows only for marks that are simple and large in composition, usually containing two to five characters or an elementary symbol. The second traditional method is offset rotogravure printing, which has significant drawbacks such as cleanliness of operation, the use of solvents, and extra downtime to clean and maintain equipment. The overall print quality also is limited. To combat these problems, laser marking was introduced. To accommodate the large volume usually required in the pharmaceutical industry, the mark-on-the-fly method is used, during which the laser follows the product on the production line and marks with precise placement, allowing for continuous marking at extremely fast speeds with rates of up to hundreds of thousands of pills per hour. The most common setup for such an operation includes a quadrature encoder, which gives the controller data on the conveyor speed and direction. In addition, a sensor mounted on the conveyor gives the controller a trigger signal that tells the laser when to fire. Several types of sensors are in use today, such as inductive, photoelectric, fiber optic, ultrasonic, magnetic or camera-based vision systems. Some sensors can identify not only the location of the conveyor but also the presence of the pill, directing the laser to fire when the pill is properly placed. The combination of both devices allows for real-time feedback, ensuring accurate mark placement on the pill. In high-speed laser marking, delays of only a few microseconds can make the difference between a successful mark and a failed one. However, with correct and careful selection of system components, these systems have been shown to be extremely robust and highly reliable. When considering color in pill marking, laser wavelength and optical beam delivery are carefully selected based on the type of pill being marked. In most cases, pills interact with a laser producing sufficient contrast. For example, on transparent gelcaps, laser markings appear to be a white frosted color. Several methods are used to enhance this contrast or even to introduce contrasting color, if desired. In one method, FDA-approved laser-sensitive additives are combined during the manufacturing process, allowing production marks based not on the ablation of the pill, but rather on a thermal chemical reaction with laser energy. This method allows the usage of lower energy density, sufficient for the production of high-contrast, high-resolution markings without material ablation. In another method, the pill’s protective outer layer comprises multiple layers of different colors, and the laser selectively ablates the outer layer, revealing the contrasting color below. This method allows the mark to appear in color, rather than being limited to the black or white usually associated with laser marking. A frosted mark appearance on a laser-inscribed transparent gelcap. Lasers have the significant advantage of being a noncontact marking technology, reducing contamination, breakage and rejection rates. In addition, no tools or dies need to be changed, as the indicia are computer generated and can be modified easily. Because of laser marking’s advantages as a noncontact printing method, older equipment in the industry could, in many cases, be retrofitted with lasers, adding capabilities to machines currently in use. Pharmaceutical companies are taking advantage of the technology also to imprint branding on a pill. The logo or alphanumeric or another identifying mark adds functionality beyond the rudimentary FDA requirements. Advances in laser technology and beam-delivery systems make it possible to mark on the fly with serial numbers, batch numbers or logos down to a single-unit basis. FDA regulations do not allow drug products in solid oral dosage form to be introduced (or to be delivered for introduction) into interstate commerce unless they are clearly marked or imprinted with a unique code. In conjunction with the product’s size, shape and color, this code permits the unique identification of the drug product and its manufacturer or distributor. Product identification requires that active ingredients and dosage strength be documented. Machine-readable code, such as data matrix, also can be marked onto pills and used for automated identification. Codes on pharmaceutical packaging identify the manufacturer, date of production, expiration date, and serial and batch number, allowing for full transparency in production. Encrypted information could be connected to a database that would follow a pill along its supply chain travels. This tracking system could help battle the huge global problem of counterfeit medicine, which has resulted in fatalities. Machine vision for pharma Laser-based machine vision technology truly automates pharmaceutical manufacturing, making the process systematic, highly efficient and cost-effective. Lasers significantly increase production uptime, streamline the process and reduce costs, all while delivering new and improved capabilities ranging from product identification to functionality. A laser-inscribed bicolor pill demonstrating automated inscription placement using color recognition with machine vision. Adding identifying marks and bar codes to pills and packaging is important, but without automated inspection and quality assurance, this process would be inefficient. Across companies, machine vision systems are added to printing devices, ensuring that pills are complete and unbroken, while also verifying print quality. Pharmaceutical-adapted machine vision cameras are mounted on printing devices to inspect pills in real time. Cameras are mounted on production lines for several purposes. First and foremost, the camera inspects the pill’s integrity. If the pill is incomplete or broken, machine vision will send a signal to initiate a burst of air that can push any single pill toward the rejection bin (several rejection mechanisms exist, but the burst of air is the most popular). A camera also is used to verify that pill marks are correct and of good quality, again sending a command to reject any single pill that is not up to standard. For pills marked with a unique identification, this scan is also the first in the product’s supply chain tracing. Information about the pill, such as its manufacturing date, batch number and factory location, is saved into a database. Machine vision also can analyze shape and color to identify proper placement. For example, on a bicolor pill where only one color should be drilled, machine vision identifies the color and sends a command for the laser to mark the correct side. From capturing an image on camera, to analyzing product features, to making decisions based on predefined criteria and information sent to multiple devices (such as rejection/ejection and laser marking), complex interactions such as these are done in real time. In a cycle as short as microseconds to a few milliseconds, a pill is instantaneously and seamlessly processed. Meet the author David Benderly is CEO of DBC International and PhotoScribe Technologies in New York; email: benderly@photoscribetech.com References 1. Fish and Richardson. Counterfeiting and the grey market. http://www.fr.com/files/uploads/FINALCounterfeitingtheGreyMarket1.pdf. 2. M. Tomsic (March 2013). Gray market companies take advantage of drug shortages. WFAE 90.7. http://wfae.org/post/gray-market-companies-take-advantage-drug-shortages. 3. M. Cohen (August 2011). Pharmaceutical gray market thrives along with national drug shortage. Philly.com. http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/healthcare/Pharmaceutical-gray-market-thrives-along-with-national-drug-shortage.html. 4. J. Lubell (August 2014). Lawmakers hear evidence of gray market in shortage drugs. Amednews.com. http://www.amednews.com/article/20120820/government/308209957/4/. 5. Quantiz. Regional pricing and the grey markets. http://www.quantiz.com.br/artigos/regional_pricing_and_the_grey_markets.pdf. 6. Process for forming outlet passageways in pills using a laser. U.S. assignee, Patent 4088864 A. N.d. Print. 7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. See Sec 2016.10, Code Imprint Required. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=206&showFR=1.