Diamond, one of the hardest solids on Earth, is so strong that it can easily cut through glass and steel. Surprisingly, very little is known about the strength of diamond at extreme conditions, but new research shows that a diamond becomes even stronger during rapid compression. Using the Janus laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the Omega laser at the University of Rochester in New York, LLNL scientists and Rochester and UC Berkeley colleagues showed that, when shock waves are applied to diamond with powerful lasers, it can support almost a million times atmospheric pressure before being crushed. Time-integrated photograph of an Omega laser shot (43633) to measure high-pressure diamond strength. The diamond target is at the center, surrounded by various diagnostics. The bright white light is ablated plasma, and radial yellow lines are tracks of hot target fragments very late in time. (Image: Eugene Kowaluk/LLE) The research has implications for the technological uses of diamond, showing that its strength could affect fusion-energy experiments at the National Ignition Facility, where high-density carbon (essentially diamond) is a leading candidate for target capsules. "But it could also provide insights into the ancient history of natural diamonds found on Earth and in meteorites, where shock waves caused by impact are common," said Stewart McWilliams, lead author of a paper appearing in the upcoming edition of the journal, Physical Review B. McWilliams conducted the experiments while on a Student Employee Graduate Research Fellowship (SEGRF) at LLNL. Most natural diamonds are formed at high-pressure, high-temperature conditions existing at depths of 87 to 120 miles in the Earth's mantle. Carbon-containing minerals provide the carbon source, and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years (25 percent to 75 percent of the age of the Earth). In the recent research, the team measured the behavior of natural diamond crystals under shock-wave compression between 1 million and 10 million atmospheres of pressure, and the diamonds were crushed and melted in just a nanosecond (one-billionth of a second). "What we found is that diamond exhibits considerable strength right up to the point it melts," McWilliams said. "We reached some surprising conclusions about the strength of diamond," said LLNL co-author Jon Eggert. "This type of research informs us about the interiors of the gas giants as well our own planet." Earlier research conducted by Livermore scientists shows that diamond melts at around 6 million atmospheres of pressure and 14,000 °F. Their experiments mimicked conditions on the icy gas giant planets (Uranus and Neptune) where, according to their research, icebergs of diamond could float on a sea of liquid carbon. Other Livermore authors were Damien Hicks, David Bradley, Peter Celliers and Gilbert Collins. For more information, visit: www.llnl.gov