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LEDs in High-Definition Television
Recent improvements in light output have enabled new applications for LEDs such as automotive lighting, traffic signals and, more recently, television displays. Improvements in manufacturing the epitaxial material and packaging have enhanced thermal conductivity and increased the overall light extraction efficiency of LEDs (Figure 1). Quantum efficiency gains and unique photon-extraction techniques also have helped improve brightness. Figure 1. A basic example of the high-brightness LED...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Low-Temperature Flexible Sensors Use Ink-Jet Patterning
Flexible electronics are used in supermarket labeling and in identification tags and could be used in large sensors for scanning cargo or packaging. As flexible electronics find their way into new applications, manufacturers are faced with problems...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Manufacturing Microelectronics Using ‘Lase-and-Place’
Microelectronic circuits traditionally are fabricated by placing packaged components, such as integrated circuits and surface-mount devices, on the surface of a circuit board and connecting the components together. As the demand for miniaturization...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Microscopy Used to Profile Refractive Index
A microscopy technique that measures the refractive index profile of an optical waveguide has been devised by researchers in Taiwan. An accurate profile is used, in turn, to determine the mode properties of the waveguide, which are important in...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Patterning Technologies for Gen-10 Thin-Film Transistor LCD Manufacturing
Used in almost every imaginable electronic display application, thin-film transistor LCD modules will generate more than $80 billion of revenue in 2007. Much of the LCD market growth is being driven by flat panels replacing CRT televisions. In 2002,...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Photonics with a French Twist
An official competitiveness cluster since 2005, the Route des Lasers (or Laser Highway) operates similarly to a trade association. Located in the Aquitaine region of France, stretching from the city of Bordeaux to the Arcachon basin on the Atlantic...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Seoul Semiconductor, Osram to Share Patents
Seoul Semiconductor Inc. of Seoul, South Korea, and Osram GmbH of Munich and its subsidiary, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH of Regensburg, both in Germany, have signed a cross-license agreement under which they will share their patents related to...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Spotting Very Thin Graphite Layers
Researchers are focusing on graphite monolayers, called graphene, because of their electrical and optical properties. In their quest to use graphene to build devices, however, they confront a basic problem. The simplest technique for producing the...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
Supercontinuum Light Source Simplifies Detection of Multiple Fluorophores
By taking a holistic approach, researchers at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor have developed a multicolor fluorescence detection scheme that uses a fast, broadband white light to excite several types of fluorophores. A time-resolved detector...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
What Can You See in 10–18 Seconds?
Most scientific endeavors seek to add to the collective understanding of a topic, whether it is the origin of a disease, the basis of human communication or the techniques that will improve the performance of an athlete, of a dairy cow or of a...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
With Emission, Building a Better Liquid Crystal Display
Researchers at Brown University in Providence, R.I., may have come up with a solution to a fundamental problem with LCDs. Many such displays have a backlight that shines through the liquid crystal material. As a result, the displays are dimmer and...
Photonics Spectra, October 2007
130-W Single-Frequency Laser Tunes Between 1040 and 1085 nm
Wavelength-tunable, narrow-bandwidth lasers are indispensable tools for high-resolution spectroscopy and other scientific pursuits, such as radiation cooling and trapping of ions or atoms. Two years ago, researchers at the University of Southampton...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Attracting More Girls to Science: Hands-on Experiences and Mentors Are Key
When Thomas M. Baer took his daughter Christina to the annual meeting of the Optical Society of America in 1997, he never realized that he would be shaping the 14-year-old’s career path. At the time, her excitement centered on wanting to be a jet...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Chalcogenide Glass, Advanced for All-Optical Processing
To operate at high bit rates of 160 Gb/s and beyond, optical communications systems must be able to process signals entirely in the optical domain, thereby overcoming the speed limitations associated with optoelectronic conversion. All-optical...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Developing a Nondestructive Way to Characterize Cement Alternatives
The production of Portland cement — with which concrete is made — is responsible for about 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions. Among the efforts to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions is the scientific investigation of geopolymers made from...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Double-Pulse Format for Improved Laser Drilling
Lasers have been used to produce high-aspect-ratio holes — i.e., holes whose depth-to-diameter ratio is much greater than 10:1 — for applications that include oil galleries in engine blocks, aerospace turbine-engine cooling holes and for scientific...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Flat Panel Displays Go Green
The LCD is now the dominant flat panel display and continues to take market share from other technologies. These displays span from small units for handheld devices to large panels for wall-mounted televisions. Although they are not yet available to...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Germanium Quantum Wells for High-Performance Modulators in Silicon Photonics
Silicon electronics technology dominates information processing and offers a remarkable way to make very complex systems for very little cost. Many of the waveguide passive optical components used today in telecommunications such as wavelength...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
In a Disaster, Robots Go Where Humans Cannot
Disaster City, a 52-acre training facility in College Station, Texas, was the setting for a mock-disaster exercise in June. Train wrecks, collapsed buildings and piles of rubble with realistic signatures sprinkled throughout to help rescuers locate...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
LCD Panel Market Readjusts
When consumer demand is up for large-size televisions, it would seem logical that profits for all components would be up as well. However, according to the electronics industry market analysis company iSuppli Corp. of El Segundo, Calif., the price...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Monitoring — and Possibly Improving — Superconducting Films
Researchers at Stanford University in California have devised a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectivity monitoring technique that determines simultaneously the temperature and optical properties of a superconducting film as it is being...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Patterning Films with Fewer Steps
A team of researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and from Anvik Corp. of Hawthorne, N.Y., has demonstrated a fabrication technique that inscribes patterns onto thin films of indium tin oxide in fewer steps than are typically...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Scanning Light Microscopy Uses Nonlinear Properties of KNbO3 Nanowires
Efficient second harmonic generation and wave mixing make potassium niobate (KNbO3) nanowires ideal sources of tunable, coherent light and instruments for subwavelength microscopy, according to Peidong Yang and his group from the University of...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
Solar Cells, Array Films Constructed from Nanotubes
Thin-film solar cells have been fabricated from double-walled carbon nanotubes, a material that is relatively untapped in photovoltaic designs but that offers high photoconductivity, mobility and stability. Researchers from Tsinghua University in...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
The Electronic Paper Chase
The growth of flat panel displays over the past decade has been a remarkable story and has enabled the proliferation of flat screens into a number of product categories. Flat panel displays are used primarily in televisions, computer monitors,...
Photonics Spectra, September 2007
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