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Research & Technology News
US, Japan Track Ghostly Neutrinos
Aug 1, 1999 — Since the first neutrinos were detected more than four decades ago, researchers have sought better ways of detecting these elusive, high-energy particles that originate from nuclear reactors and outer space. Japan and the US have teamed up to construct the Kamioka liquid scintillator antineutrino detector called KamLand, an underground facility designed to detect antineutrinos, the antimatter counterparts of neutrinos. The aim is to distinguish between neutrinos originating from Japan's 51...
X-rays Monitor Electron Density
SAN DIEGO — A team at the University of California used picosecond x-ray diffraction to measure the response of GaAs crystal to sudden heating. This could advance efforts to monitor changes in electron density during biological and chemical reactions with...
’Laser Hatching’ Proves Successful
Jul 1, 1999 — The first births resulting from pregnancies initiated by laser-assisted hatching could signal the emergence of photonics in in vitro fertilization. The births -- a boy in the US and twins in Australia -- were part of ongoing clinical trials of the...
Afterglow Gives Clues to Gamma Ray Bursts
Jul 1, 1999 — Since their discovery in 1967, intense gamma ray bursts in the universe have mystified scientists. Now a group of scientists led by Alberto J. Castro-Tirado of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia in Spain has presented findings that may...
Air Force Opens Imaging and Radar Test Facility
Jul 1, 1999 — The US Air Force has improved its ability to measure stealth characteristics of enemy planes with the operation of an upgraded test facility able to conduct wide-bandwidth bistatic imaging and radar cross-section measurements of full-size planes....
Cleaved Gallium Nitride Proposed for Blue Laser Diodes
Jul 1, 1999 — Researchers from Technische Universitat Berlin have reported observing optically excited stimulated emission of cleaved c-GaN samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy. They report that the threshold intensity for excitation from c-GaN layers is lower...
Fiber Optic Unit Promises More Crash Data
SUDBURY, Mass. -- SUDBURY, Mass. -- Airplane crash investigations have been hindered by limited flight data, prompting the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to push for more recorded information so they can determine...
Largest Laser Shocks Diamond into Metal
LIVERMORE, Calif. -- LIVERMORE, Calif. -- Though physicists may be jumping for joy, those who consider diamonds their best friends won’t be. Scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have turned diamond into metal. Using the Nova laser, whose 10 beams...
Laser System Spots Dirty Laundry
Jul 1, 1999 — Spectra Science Corp. in Providence, R.I., has demonstrated a laser-based system that identifies, counts and classifies soiled flat linens. The demonstration took place at Tartan Textile Services in Houston. The system uses a laser to scan linens...
Lasers Burst Across a Frontier
LIVERMORE, Calif. — At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, researchers have crossed a threshold. They've constructed a laser that creates conditions until now found only in massive particle accelerators or in the centers of stars. At Lawrence Livermore National...
Los Alamos Lab to Improve Images
LOS ALAMOS, N.M. -- LOS ALAMOS, N.M. -- Imaging the Earth’s surface through the atmo-sphere presents many challenges. But the launch Oct. 31 of a satellite carrying an advanced multispectral thermal imager could overcome them. The instrument’s 15-band...
New Method Looks Inside Living Cells
STANFORD, Calif. -- STANFORD, Calif. -- Many chemical reactions occurring in living organisms are both fast (in the microsecond to millisecond range) and spatially confined. Viewing biochemical processes in volumes from zeptoliters to femtoliters (1021 to 1015 liters)...
Novel LEDs Could Eliminate Bacteria
LONDON — A new resonant cavity light-emitting diode (LED) could help to eradicate antibiotic-resistant bacteria, emitting the necessary light (670 to 680 nm) to activate special bug-killing chemicals. Conventional LEDs are already used in photodynamic...
Optical Fiber Senses Spills
MANCHESTER, UK — The rapid, pinpoint accuracy of optical time domain reflectometry could find new use in detecting pipeline leaks and spills. Energy and chemical companies now visually examine pipelines from a vehicle or helicopter, but finding leaks can be...
Rydberg Atoms Enable High-Speed IR Imaging
AMSTERDAM, Netherlands -- AMSTERDAM, Netherlands -- Researchers at the FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics have developed an infrared imager that performs faster and with greater wavelength selectivity than most conventional long-wavelength cameras. Using the...
Silica Sol Glues 3-D Silica Network
Jul 1, 1999 — A group of scientists at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington has demonstrated the use of silica sol as a nanoscale glue to prepare composite gels and aerogels. The discovery could lead to fabrication of nanoscale materials for electronic and...
Single-Crystal Thin Films Offer Promise for Free-Space Interconnects
Jul 1, 1999 — High-speed, single-pass thin-film electro-optic modulators could enhance the performance of a number of photonic devices, including free-space interconnects. Such a device could replace liquid crystal-based devices in applications where much higher...
Stopped-Flow Device Improves Time-Resolved FTIR
Jul 1, 1999 — To perform long-path absorbance measurements for liquid samples, a luminescence detector cell must act as an optical fiber or waveguide. Otherwise, excessive noise results. And if the cell is to function as a liquid core waveguide, it must be made...
Stopped-Flow Device Improves Time-Resolved FTIR
Jul 1, 1999 — Chemists have relied on time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate chemical reactions for years. Most of those reactions, however, were initiated externally by a laser or followed at a single wavelength. Although it is...
Tabletop Laser Sparks Nuclear Fusion
LIVERMORE, Calif. — Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have demonstrated that big things can come from small packages. The scientists used a tabletop laser to ignite nuclear fusion in a gas jet of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. This successful...
Technique Enables Flexible, Thin Displays
KENT, Ohio — Researchers have developed a method similar to that used to prepare polymer-dispersed liquid crystal devices, but resulting in very different internal geometry and performance. The technique provides a simpler and less expensive way to fabricate...
Technique Regulates Light in Liquid
UTRECHT, Netherlands — Chemists at Utrecht University and Philips Research have developed a technique to regulate light flow through a liquid using an electric field. Based on the phenomenon of light absorption by "nanorods" -- metal particles that measure 12 to 22 nm in...
Vacuum-UV Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Measures Fluorine Atoms
Jul 1, 1999 — To process large-scale integrated circuits, engineers must control the density of fluorine atoms to etch SiO2. Researchers at Kyoto University in Japan have proposed a means of assessing the fluorine density using a vacuum-ultraviolet laser...
Visible Light Reflects Nearly Perfectly
ESSEN, Germany -- ESSEN, Germany -- Materials with photonic bandgaps hold great promise for a wide variety of applications, but three-dimensional versions are difficult to manufacture. A few research groups have developed one-dimensional photonic crystals with a...
’Sandpaper’ Alloy Eyed as Potential Semiconductor
Jun 1, 1999 — Silicon carbide, a close cousin of sandpaper, may be used for a rugged new type of semiconductor, according to recent findings by a group of researchers from the University of Delaware in Newark. The group created an alloy of silicon carbide and...
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