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Skin ‘Sees’ UV Light, Produces Melanin
PROVIDENCE, R.I., Nov. 9, 2011 — A light-sensitive receptor (rhodopsis) previously thought to exist only in the eye has been found in human skin cells, detecting certain wavelengths of ultraviolet light to protect DNA from damage. Skin cells, called malanocyte, send out calcium ion signals to produce the pigment melanin. Until now, scientists knew only that melanin production occurred days after UVB radiation had already begun damaging DNA. Tanning of the skin is a protective response. Melanin, the pigment...
Flexible Microscope Explores Deeply Hidden Cells
WYNNEWOOD, Pa., Nov. 8, 2011 — A tiny, flexible microscope allows surgeons to view living tissue in real time at the cellular level during regular endoscopy procedures, precisely pinpointing what should be immediately removed or treated. The device, dubbed a probe-based...
Microlenses Make Superior Endoscopes
DUISBURG, Germany, Nov. 7, 2011 — A newly developed image sensor transmits perfect 3-D images from inside the human body, thanks to the use of microlenses. The specially designed endoscope enables surgeons to see every detail during an operation, almost as though he were actually...
High-Res Scanner Simulates Automotive Fabrics
DARMSTADT, Germany, Nov. 4, 2011 — Newly developed high-resolution scanners copy objects and fabric samples in just a few minutes, converting them into virtual models with startlingly realistic light effects that will help improve the design of automotive and other products. ...
Spin Lasers in the Fast Lane
BOCHUM, Germany, Nov. 4, 2011 — A new concept for ultrafast semiconductor lasers makes inventive use of the intrinsic angular momentum of electrons, called spin, to break previous speed barriers. The new spin lasers have the potential to achieve modulation frequencies of...
Dream Comes True as Dream Contents Are Measured for First Time
MUNICH, Nov. 3, 2011 — Quantifying brain activity while it is in a dream state has been accomplished for the first time, leading to a deeper understanding of the differences between the brain’s wakeful and sleeping states. The ability to dream is a fascinating...
Multiphoton Endoscope May Equal Fewer Biopsies
ITHACA, N.Y., Nov. 3, 2011 — Taking multiphoton microscopy into a new dimension, a new imaging device under development that can be inserted safely into a patient’s body could minimize the need for unnecessary biopsies. Researchers at Cornell University are...
Photons ‘Photocopied’ for Quantum Computing
GAITHERSBURG, Md., Nov. 3, 2011 — Photon particles from two disparate sources have been rendered indistinguishable without losing their essential quantum properties, suggesting, in principle, that they can connect different types of hardware devices into a single quantum information...
NASA Funds ‘Tractor Beam’ Study
GREENBELT, Md., Nov. 2, 2011 — Though a mainstay in science fiction, tractor beams may no longer be limited to the likes of our imaginations. Thanks to recent funding awarded to NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, three experimental methods for corralling particles and...
New EUV Microscope to Lead to Next-Gen Semiconductors
BERKELEY, Calif., Nov. 2, 2011 — Delving into the extreme ultraviolet wavelengths further than ever, a novel microscope is set to provide leaps forward in photolithography technology. The device, dubbed SHARP (for “Semiconductor High-NA Actinic Reticle Review Project”),...
Zinc Oxide Microwires Boost LED Performance
ATLANTA, Nov. 2, 2011 — Through the use of zinc oxide microwires, the efficiency at which gallium nitride LEDs convert electricity to ultraviolet light has improved significantly. The LEDs are believed to be the first whose performance has been enhanced by the creation of...
“Optical switch” could make quantum computers more stable
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – An optical switch that allows one photon to control the quantum state of another could yield a quantum computer that offers stability and control. Quantum particles have an odd property that enables them to be in “superposition”;...
Designer surfaces rewrite laws of refraction and reflection
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – A new technique called phase discontinuity helps light break the age-old laws of reflection and refraction – and could lead to the development of flat lenses that can focus images with no aberrations. For centuries, it has been recognized that...
Gas detector lights up around CO2
KYOTO, Japan – An inexpensive new material can quickly and accurately detect carbon dioxide (CO2) under a variety of circumstances, enabling the development of easy-to-use CO2 monitors. Methods to detect whether specific gases are present in the air already...
Holographic lithography boosts plasmonic nanogap array production
HOBOKEN, N.J. – A technique based on methods from holographic lithography has been developed to demonstrate a new approach for scaling up the fabrication of plasmonic nanogap arrays while simultaneously reducing costs and infrastructure. A team led by Dr. Stefan...
IR camera senses hot spots to aid firefighters, military pilots
ORLANDO, Fla. – Firefighters and military pilots often use very cold, cumbersome infrared devices to detect hot spots and see through smoke, but a technology that uses gallium nitride (GaN) could eliminate the need for those conventional instruments. Researchers at...
Organic electronics printed on CDs, DVDs
LOS ANGELES – A new patterning technique uses commercially available technology to print conducting polymers using an infrared laser onto standard CDs and DVDs, a feat that could propel current proof-of-concept organic devices – organic LEDs, thin-film...
Plasmonics, Nanophotonics Hybrid Promises Powerful Information Processing
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind., Nov. 1, 2011 — Metamaterials and the merging of two technologies under development are promising the emergence of new quantum information systems far more powerful than today’s computers. The technology, which involves a plasmonics and nanophotonics hybrid,...
Squeezed light helps measure gravitational waves
HANNOVER, Germany – A new “squeezed light” method improves the sensitivity and accuracy of the interferometers used to measure gravitational waves. Observing the gravitational waves that result from supernova explosions and other cosmic events requires...
Tamed light pulses control electrons
GARCHING, Germany – Physicists have controlled the field of white light pulses on a timescale shorter than an optical oscillation, a step forward in light technology and ultrafast photonics that could lead to light-based electronics. Monitoring the ultrafast...
Through thick and thin: Microscopy reveals fluid viscosity patterns
ITHACA, N.Y. – A high-speed microscopy technique explains the behavior of fluids by observing how micron-size suspended particles dance in real time. Knowledge of how fluids work will help scientists and engineers handle complex fluids ranging from biological...
Tunable graphene device puts terahertz to work
BERKELEY, Calif. – A microscale graphene device that responds strongly to terahertz light and that can be precisely tuned is the first tool in a kit for putting terahertz light to work. At the heart of the device, developed by scientists at Lawrence Berkeley...
Universal digital simulator holds promise for quantum computers
INNSBRUCK, Austria – A new digital approach enables universal quantum simulation in a system of trapped ions that can in principle simulate any physical system efficiently, allowing researchers to explore the dynamics of quantum computers. Previously, quantum...
Compact Laser Frequency Comb Really Goes Places
GAITHERSBURG, Md., Oct. 31, 2011 — A compact laser frequency comb has been developed that is no bigger than a shoebox. Until now, frequency combs usually have been bulky, delicate lab instruments — about the size of a suitcase — that are challenging to operate. The...
Biomolecules Show Their True Colors
DURHAM, N.C., Oct. 28, 2011 — After years of black-and-white and false-color 3-D molecular imaging, events beneath the surface of the skin can now be viewed in their true colors. A novel method detects and shows, for example, the vivid shades of red of hemoglobin as it is...

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