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A New Spin: Thin-Disc Yb:YAG Lasers
If asked to name a solid-state laser, most people would mention the Nd:YAG. This trusty combination of neodymium and yttrium aluminum garnet has served industry well for many years. The YAG crystal has the highest thermal conductivity and fracture resistance available, assuring its future as a medium for solid-state lasers. Neodymium’s monopoly as a dopant, however, is threatened by the arrival of new materials in solid-state lasers emerging in Europe -- namely, ytterbium used in Yb:YAG...
Photonics Spectra, November 2002
Adaptive Optics
In confocal and multiphoton microscopy, light travels to the focal plane and excites fluorescence in the sample, and the fluorescence travels back through the optics to a detector. During this trip, the light meets different surfaces that introduce...
Photonics Spectra, November 2002
Measuring Birefringence in Calcium Fluoride at 157 nm
In recent years, leading-edge optical lithography has been moving to ever-shorter wavelengths: from 248 nm (KrF excimer laser) to 193 nm (ArF excimer laser) and now to 157 nm (F2 excimer laser). At 157 nm, calcium fluoride (CaF2) is the primary lens...
Photonics Spectra, November 2002
Who’s Who?
Biometrics isn’t just a good idea. It’s the law, as spelled out in the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 and various other regulations. Passed in May, the law mandates identification based on the measurement of...
Photonics Spectra, November 2002
Why Photomultipliers Need Amplifiers
Photomultipliers remain the preferred light detectors for many applications, mainly because they combine a detection area up to 1500 cm2 with electron multipliers -- internal amplifiers of exceptional performance. Besides low noise, near-zero offset...
Photonics Spectra, November 2002
Better Test Systems Boost Laser Diode Performance
Semiconductor laser diodes have taken the laser market by storm, in part because of their operating efficiency and compactness. They have several unique characteristics, though, that must be considered in their application (Figure 1). These include...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Detecting Contaminated Poultry
If you live in the US, chances are you’re having chicken for dinner tonight. A significant percentage of that chicken is probably contaminated with pathogens, so governmental agencies and the industry monitor the inspection line to determine...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Guaranteeing Food-Packaging Appeal
What you see on a package of potato chips or cookies may not be what you find inside. One of the biggest problems with today’s high-speed presses used in food-package printing involves inspection of print color. Food manufacturers’ brand...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Machine Vision Guides
Automating photonic device assembly processes can seem daunting. In a typical application, progressive assembly operations such as locating, guiding, gluing and bonding take place in a local region around a static package. The challenge is to...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Microelectromechanical Systems
Researchers in academic and industrial laboratories are harnessing the power of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for use in tunable lasers, optical routers, variable optical attenuators, adaptive optics, displays and other devices.Some of these...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Photonics Food Detectives
Whether inspecting for E. coli O157:H7 on a slab of beef or for ethylvinylacetate in a hot dog wrapper, manufacturers in the food processing industry are turning more and more to photonics for help -- and not just for laboratory-based detective...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Shedding Light on Antioxidants
How many antioxidants are in your green tea? One way to find out is with photochemiluminescence detection. Analytik Jena has developed a technique that combines fast photochemical generation of free radicals and sensitive luminometric measurement to...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Spotting Bad Apples Fast
Paul Martinsen and his colleagues at the Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand in Hamilton think that they have found a technique that can quickly spot bad apples. Using a time-delayed-integration spectrometer, users can measure...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Strengthening Hot Dog Wrappers
Stuff assorted meat products, salt, potassium lactate, flavoring, hydrologized beef stock, sodium phosphate and sodium nitrite into a casing of ambiguous origin, and you have a preservative-laden hot dog that could probably last for years....
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
The Practicalities of Building Reliable Deep-UV Optics
When microlithography at 157 nm was first being investigated several years ago, optics that could survive 10 million laser pulses were the benchmark of performance. Today, pulse-count lifetimes of 40 billion pulses represent the state of the art. To...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Colorizing High-Speed Machine Vision
Color technology has captured a relatively small share of the machine vision market, but that may soon change. For more and more manufacturers in industries from consumer products to automotive, the question is no longer whether to use a gray-scale...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Hard Photonics Problems Require Soft Solutions
Increasingly inexpensive computing solutions are enabling users to reconfigure their instruments and to manipulate data as never before, overcoming the constraints of hardware to optimize photonic applications. When a photonics problem is too...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Jobs in Photonics, Our First European Survey
Photonics Spectra has been conducting an annual job survey in the US for several years. This month, we are expanding our range by turning our attention abroad, where we conducted our first survey of employment in the European photonics market. We...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Lasers Meet the Challenge of Welding Aluminum
Aluminum has always been a challenge to weld, primarily because of its low melting point. But its weight advantage over materials such as steel has increasingly put the metal in the spotlight.Forty years ago, apprentice welders had to develop their...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Machining Advances Lead to Multifunctional Optics
Today’s optical systems usually serve a variety of functions simultaneously, resulting in ever-more-complex subsystems with increasingly critical requirements related to performance, precision, robustness and miniaturization. More...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Photonics Monitors the Ocean’s Fish
The dramatic worldwide reduction in fish populations has put the notion of limitless ocean resources to rest. Swordfish, bluefin tuna, Atlantic salmon and Chilean sea bass populations are under intense pressure from the fishing industry. Even the...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Widely Tunable Lasers Ready to Lock and Roll
In the ’90s, visions of the all-optical network danced merrily in the heads of the world’s telecommunications service and equipmentproviders. Now the optical components necessary to transform that all-optical fantasy into a reality are...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
How Well Can Cameras Measure Color?
Video cameras find use in many automatic inspection applications, from checking the construction of automobiles to scanning microscope specimens for cancerous cells. Often it is important to inspect color as well as other attributes of a product;...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Optical Coatings Reap the Benefits of Telecommunications
Over the last five years, the optical coating industry has been revolutionized to meet the challenges of producing the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) filters for telecommunications that separate the wavelength channels used in optical...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Physical and Geometric Methods Combined to Model Optics
For nearly the entire history of modern lens design, engineers have used geometric ray tracing to model light propagation through optical components. This may soon change, however, thanks to the ever-increasing speed of computers.Ray tracing is...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
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