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Direct Pumping of Quantum Wells Improves Performance of Semiconductor Thin-Disk Lasers
When the thin-disk laser appeared on the scene more than a decade ago, it was the first solid-state laser capable of efficiently producing a high-optical-quality output in the multikilowatt range.1 Its principle is to use a very thin section of material as the active medium and to cool it through a highly reflective back mirror (Figure 1). Figure 1. A thin-disk laser is optically pumped at the surface of the gain medium. The MB35 thermal gradient is perpendicular to the surface, enabling...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Femtosecond Laser Prints Biomolecules
Dense, high-resolution patterns of various biological molecules have been fabricated using direct laser printing with a source of 500-fs ultraviolet pulses. Demonstrated at the Foundation for Research and Technology — Hellas’ Institute of Electronic...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Filters to Bragg About
The fine spectral processing capability of volume holographic gratings — holographic media where the grating is physically present throughout its volume with a thickness >100 μm — is generating renewed interest for applications in lasers,...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Freezing Time in 3-D
In microscopy, researchers strive for better resolution and faster data processing. Piezoelectric positioning devices, which have been used in some form for years, can help them meet these needs. When using a piezoelectric Z-axis positioning...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Frequency-Scanning Interferometry Advances Precision Component Manufacturing and Assembly
A growing number of precision component manufacturers are machining objects that have micron- or submicron-level tolerances on parameters such as flatness, thickness and parallelism. They are discovering that the assembly of subcomponents that are...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Intematix Licenses Alternative Phosphors for White LED
Building on its work in rapid materials discovery, Intematix Corp. of Moraga, Calif., recently developed new phosphors for white LEDs and other lighting applications. Currently, YAG is the dominant phosphor technology for use in white LEDs. With...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Long-Range Motion with Nanometer Precision
In several research applications, such as molecular spectroscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), long-range motion is used to zoom in on a specific area of interest so that it can be studied at the nanometer scale. In drug discovery...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Microscopic Coolers Chill to Millikelvin Temperatures
Ultralow temperatures are required for a variety of next-generation sensors, but refrigeration techniques for reaching 0.1 K have been complicated and expensive. Now a group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder,...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Nanophotonics Heads into the Third Dimension
Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, have demonstrated a way to exploit the third dimension to create tiny optical components. Going vertical should enable the fabrication of densely integrated optical structures and offer...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Near-IR Microscopy Images Nanotubes
A team of scientists at Rice University in Houston has reported that near-infrared fluorescence microscopy is suitable for the study of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Basic research into these structures, as well as the development of superior...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
New Challenges for Microscope Positioning
The axiom “Specialization is a necessary consequence of ubiquity” holds more truth today than ever for microscope positioning and motorized stages. Applications such as live-cell studies, image tiling, virtual microscopy and time-lapse studies are...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
New Report Highlights LEDs in Automobiles
The market for LEDs in the automotive sector has skyrocketed in recent years. According to “Opportunities & Challenges for Photonics in the Automotive,” a report from Yole Développement of Lyon, France, the use of photonics for these...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Next-Generation Autotuned Optical Tables
Optical tables, along with pneumatic vibration isolators, have numerous applications in research and high-precision manufacturing. In their basic form, optical tables consist of a sandwich structure: two faceplates and a lightweight honeycomb core....
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Perforated Cathode Improves Organic LED Efficiency
Organic LEDs may have a bright future, but it would be brighter still if they were more efficient. Now researchers from the University of Utah in Salt Lake City have increased the electrolu-minescence efficiency of an organic LED sevenfold by...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Photosensitive Polymer Takes a Near-Field Picture
Near-field optical phenomena have attracted attention because they promise to enable finer resolution in microscopy than is otherwise possible. Consequently, the optical near-fields of nanostructures have been a subject of both theoretical and...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Processing Materials by Mixing Fire and Water
Water-jet cutting and laser cutting are well-established materials-processing techniques. In recent years, a process that combines both technologies — called the water-jet-guided laser — has come into use for micromachining. Although all three...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Temperature Control: No Trivial Element of Design
Applications requiring temperature control can be divided into two camps: precision temperature control, where holding a fixed temperature is critical, and brute-force heat extraction, where the concern is ensuring that the temperature of a device...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
The Intelligent Node: Video Pan and Tilt Aids Surveillance
The challenge of securing national borders, ports and harbors is increasingly dependent on stabilized, long-range, automated electro-optic surveillance systems. The demand for durable high-resolution electro-optic cameras has skyrocketed, and as a...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
White LED Incorporates Quantum Dots
Quantum dots are nanometer-scale semiconductors that act as a potential well for electrons. They exhibit a broad absorption and relatively narrow emission spectrum, with a peak wavelength that is defined by their dimensions. By capping polyhedral...
Photonics Spectra, June 2005
Annular Bragg Resonators: Beyond the Limits of Total Internal Reflection
Circular resonators are key ingredients in the realization of many basic components for advanced optical communications systems. During the past decade, their application in numerous circular-resonator-based components such as lasers, filters,1...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
Distortion Control Offers Optical System Design a New Degree of Freedom
To the human eye, distortions of less than a few percent typically are not visible. In precision digital imaging applications, however, even a small degree of optical distortion can result in significant losses in resolution. Distortion...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
Giving Machine Vision Much-Needed Depth Perception
For cameras, the lack of depth perception presents a depth of problems. Two-dimensional machine vision systems, for example, struggle to recognize shapes. Traditionally, three-dimensional vision has involved multiple cameras or a laser rangefinder,...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
Growth Technique Yields P-Type ZnO
A multi-institution research effort in Japan has resulted in the production of P-type ZnO using a variant of molecular beam epitaxy that the participants suggest may find application in blue-violet LEDs and laser diodes. In the technique, the...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Promises a Quicker, More Thorough Analysis of Martian Rock
One thing was clear from the surface images provided by the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration rover missions: Mars is a dusty planet. Boulders, rocks, pebbles and soils have coatings of dust that are millimeters to centimeters thick. Steps...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
LED Metrology Keeps Pace with Application Demands
Advances in technology have made it possible for LED light sources to replace conventional lighting for such uses as automotive lighting and backlighting for liquid crystal displays. Such applications have stringent requirements to guarantee quality...
Photonics Spectra, May 2005
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