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Color Quality and Spectra
The primary motivation for development of solid-state lighting is the potential for huge energy savings. The energy efficiency of a light source is measured by luminous efficacy (lumens per watt), a component of which is the luminous efficacy of radiation (ratio of luminous flux to optical power or radiant flux). The luminous efficacy of radiation (lm/W) is the theoretical maximum luminous efficacy, determined solely by the spectrum, not considering losses from the conversion of electricity
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Confocal Microscopy Enables Direct Observation of Photonic Nanojets
If you shine a beam of light onto a sphere just a few microns in diameter, an unusual effect takes place: On the side opposite where the beam strikes, a local field enhancement shaped like a tiny jet tail appears. Called photonic nanojets, these...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Determining the Composition of Quantum Dots from Top to Bottom
Quantum dots may shine, but shedding light on their make-up has proved to be difficult because they are small, with sizes in the tens of nanometers. Several analysis techniques average over many quantum dots, smoothing out possible variations....
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Is Solar Thermal Power the Answer?
The sun is the source of virtually all of the energy we use. Fossil fuel energy started out as sunlight on plants. In the relative blink of a historical eye, however, we have significantly depleted the fossil fuels that took millions of years to...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
LEDs in the Greenhouse
Plants contain photosensors that respond to parts of the spectrum from the UV to 740 nm and that control various aspects of plant growth. For the past few years, researchers led by John Allen of the department of physics and astronomy at the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Measuring LED Junction Temperature
Manufacturers and solid-state lighting developers are driving LEDs to higher power levels. As more energy is pushed through the LED diode junction, heat removal becomes a critical issue. To assure device lifetime, quantum efficiency and LED color,...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
New Technologies Power New Eyes
on the Sky
A science that studies exploding stars is itself exploding. Over the next decade, astronomers will more than double the cumulative worldwide telescope mirror area, survey the sky as never before while looking for killer asteroids, resolve objects...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Polarition LEDs Deliver Quantum Efficiency
A new generation of light emitters based on hybrid half-light, half-matter quasiparticles called polaritons promises quantum efficiency and ultralow power consumption. The key feature supporting dramatic improvement in device performance is the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Popcorn-Style Solar Cells
The sun, as the primary source of energy for all organisms on Earth and as a carbon-neutral power source, is considered the ultimate solution to the environmentally friendly energy challenge. In one hour, the sun deposits 13.6 TW of radiation on the...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Putting the Whole Experiment in an Enclosure
Commercial lasers are designed in protective cases that ensure that the beams emerge only from designated apertures, and the typical laser laboratory is protected by interlocked doors and outside warning lights. Between these two levels of laser...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Radiation from free electrons
A high-energy electron deflected from a straight-line trajectory emits electromagnetic radiation that is referred to as “synchrotron radiation.” The radiation is highly collimated in the direction of propagation of the electron but is very broadband...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Raman Spectroscopy Detects First Signs of Tooth Decay
Dentists commonly use x-rays and metal picks to detect cavities, but Raman spectroscopy could detect tooth decay earlier. With low power and near-IR excitation, it could do so more safely than x-rays and without pain. Recently, researchers...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Solar Up, Silicon Down
It is no secret that the growth in solar technologies will greatly affect energy use, but it also is creating a shortage of silicon. Spurring the growth in the solar market are government mandates to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, to reduce...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
The Expanding Role of Lidar at NASA
The growing importance of laser-based remote sensing instruments to NASA scientists and space mission designers is not surprising. Lasers offer clear advantages over passive and active radio-wave measurements for many space applications. These...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Vision Sensors Hit the Road
No longer confined to the factory floor, machine vision technology is going for a spin. The same technology that determines whether a label is missing is being pressed into service to manage traffic, to classify cars for the purpose of collecting...
Photonics Spectra, July 2008
Light Creates Tiny Patterns
The old trick, practiced by schoolboys everywhere, of concentrating a beam of sunlight through a magnifying lens to ignite paper -- or an unfortunate ant -- has been given a new twist. By using a microscopic plastic bead in place of the lens and...
Photonics.com, June 2008
Breaking Down Corn Improves Hyperspectral Image Analysis
Hyperspectral imaging once was used primarily in satellite-based remote sensing applications, but it is beginning to gain momentum for tasks closer to the ground. Hyperspectral cameras normally collect reflectance or transmission data from...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
Bringing Criminals to Heel
The perfect crime is all but impossible because every criminal leaves at least a trace of evidence at the scene. These can be fingerprints, microparticles, DNA material or, more commonly, shoe prints. Such prints are difficult to avoid,...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
Bringing Feed Analysis from the Lab to the Production Line
Stock animals such as cows, pigs, rabbits and chickens that are raised in large agricultural businesses typically are sustained on compound feed, a highly nutritive blend of grains, vitamins, minerals and other substances. Assuring the quality of...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
Building Better Solar Cells with Cameras
As a result of the world’s climate situation and the rising cost of fuel, “clean” methods of energy generation are drawing considerable interest. The result has been a significant boom in solar cell manufacturing over the past few years. Solar...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
Controlled Growth of ZnO Microcrystals Achieved
Although ZnO-based microcrystals hold promise in a number of applications, current fabrication techniques are hampered by problems that have limited their effectiveness and their appeal. Fabrication, for instance, has been held back by a shortage...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
Dual-Line CMOS Image Sensors Accelerate Postal Sorting
With faster innovation cycles, shorter times to market and higher investment costs, the pressure for more automation and higher production output is escalating in nearly all industries. In industrial applications, the demand for faster...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
EMCCD Technology Moves Beyond Standard Products
The ultralow-noise and high-speed capability of electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD) technology has improved low-light imaging over a wide range of applications, from single-molecule detection in the life sciences to imaging for covert operations...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
For a Real Close-up, a Little Light
Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin have shed new light on near-field scanning optical microscopy. Incorporating a nanometer-scale LED in the probe tip of an atomic force microscope, they acquired optical and topographic images of a...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
Hybrid Solar Lighting
Hybrid solar lighting systems focus highly concentrated sunlight into a fiber optic bundle to provide sunlight in rooms without windows or conventional skylights. The flexible sunlight bundles are easily routed through small openings and around...
Photonics Spectra, June 2008
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