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Cleaning Optics: Choosing the Best Method
Cleaning optical elements improves performance, providing proper materials, techniques and handling procedures are used to minimize the risk of damage.
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Common Lens Formulas
Formulas for lens focal length, magnification, relative aperture (f/#), object-to-image distance, object-to-lens distance, lens-to-image distance and numerical aperture.
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Component Choices: Avoiding Tolerancing Mistakes
Designing an optical system involves more than simply understanding the theory behind optics. To design a system efficiently and economically, it is important to understand the capabilities of an optical shop and the interaction of the...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Connectors and Splices: Correct Alignment Spells Success
Whether the job is splicing fibers together or connecting fibers to system devices, alignment is the key to success. This article explores the many ways to achieve that goal. Just as an electronic connector provides a pluggable connection between...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Data Tables: Optical Thin-Film Materials
Tables showing parameters of the most frequently used physical vapor deposition materials for a wide variety of applications.
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Detector Arrays: Taming the Irregular Shape Problem
Devices that perform well under laboratory conditions often face hurdles in uncontrolled real-world situations. This is true for charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and thermal cameras used in machine vision applications where an object’s shape,...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Detectors: CCDs for Life-Science Applications
The CCD camera is becoming the imaging method of choice in biological laboratories for its resolution, versatility and ease of use. Choosing the best CCD for a given application, however, requires knowing how basic chip parameters affect...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Detectors: The Charge Injection Alternative
Charge-injection device (CID) technology provides a means to convert optical signals from 185 nm to 1100 nm to electronic charges that can be read out as a video signal or processed via computer. The CID imagers also are capable of directly (or...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Diamond Machining: Ultraprecision Machine Technology
Ultraprecision machining can be defined in general terms as the removal of material from a substrate utilizing a machine tool that operates at a resolution of 10 nm (0.4 μin.) or less. The machining process may take the form of single-point...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Digital Still Cameras: The Changing Face of Imaging
The digital camera reflects a sea change in the compact camera market. While the 20th was the century of film cameras, the 21st belongs to the digital camera. The digital camera re...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Excimer Lasers: Photonic Stamps with Micron Resolution
Representing today’s most cost-effective and dependable UV lasers, excimer lasers enable disruptive innovation in various growth industries. Excimers are pulsed gas lasers that deliver high output power and pulse energies in the ultraviolet...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Filters: Glossary, Equations, Parameters
The following is a list of terms commonly used to describe the spectral characteristics of filters. Attentuation Region (or Blocking) The spectral region over which very low transmission is required. Attenuation requirements are generally specified...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Gaussian and Newtonian Thin Lens Formulas
Four important equations from which the image distance and the lateral magnification can be computed for an object at any arbitrary distance from a thin lens.Equation (1) is known as the Gaussian form of the lens equation, after the mathematician...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Heat Control and Lighting Systems Design: Optical Coatings Separate Light from Heat
Modern coating technology offers the lighting system designer a number of ways to deal with heat radiation.Controlling and minimizing heat output is desirable in most lighting applications. For example, conventional incandescent light sources are...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
High-Speed Video: Selecting a Slow-Motion Imaging System
The demand for high-speed imaging has increased for a broad range of applications, from automotive crash testing to animal behavior to product component performance. There is a growing market for imaging systems that provides an immediate,...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy: A Look at Real-Life Applications
Spectral imaging has grown from an expensive research-oriented technique to one that is applicable for a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. This article looks at real-life systems, the arrangement of the instrumentation and...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Illumination Design and Analysis Software: A Vital Tool in the Designer’s Kit
Optical systems design and analysis software is a key element in an optical engineer’s toolkit. Simulation allows virtual tinkering with a system problem before ever creating — and in some cases eliminating — a prototype. The results can be analyzed...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision
Through succeeding generations, image intensifying devices have brought vision to the dark of night. Image intensification, the basis of night vision, is a complex conversion of ene...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Image Processing: Turning Digital Data into Useful Information
Digital imaging provides the means to enhance features of interest while attenuating details that are irrelevant to a given application, and then extracts useful information about the scene from the enhanced image. Images are produced by many means:...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Imaging Colorimetry: Accuracy in Display and Light Source Metrology
CCD-based instruments provide accurate photometric and colorimetric data for each image pixel, which enables precise characterization of displays, instrument panels, light sources and luminaires for parameters including color, luminance, uniformity,...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Infrared Spectral Selection: It Begins with the Detector
An IR imaging system employing a narrow spectral band brings hidden images to light, broadening IR imaging’s applications. Spectral selection is a powerful tool that enhances conventional imaging tremendously. Most imaging systems, including the...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Infrared System Design: Understanding the Process
While equations and data pertaining to infrared system design abound,1 comparatively little has been written about the process.2 This article attempts to fill that void. Infrared system design is not, like some circuit design, a synthetic process....
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Laser Beam Measurement: Slit-Based Profilers for Pulsed Beams
Although slit-based profilers were designed to measure continuous-wave (CW) lasers, they can also work for pulsed-mode lasers. Measuring pulsed-beam lasers has generally required the use of a CCD array profiler. This is a reasonable solution for...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Laser Diodes: Specification Guidelines
While some design engineers know exactly what they need from their laser diode, others may choose a partner to navigate what can be a complex development process. Laser diode manufacturers...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Laser Perforation: The Diffractive Beamsplitter Advantage
Perforated thin sheets of material are required in many applications, including plastic and metal sheets in the packing industry, cartons and metal foil that enable easy tear-off, filters for cigarettes, tubes for liquid or gas drainage, and...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
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