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Scientific Cameras Push Perfection
A scientific camera does much more than simply capture a picture of an object under study. If an acquired image is to reliably reflect measurements of chemical concentration, cell growth, etc., the digital values associated with each pixel must directly relate to the amount of light detected. It is imperative, therefore, that cameras designed for scientific imaging maintain this quantitative relationship between input and output.Although any digital camera that preserves this relationship might...
Photonics Spectra, January 2002
Technology Close-Up
Diode-pumped lasers are rapidly growing more powerful as their excitation sources increase in power and as coupling technology improves in efficiency. Pumping a single solid-state laser typically requires the combined emission of several diodes....
Photonics Spectra, January 2002
Test and Measurement for Future Networks
It’s no secret that telecommunications carriers are reducing their capital expenditures because of a more competitive landscape. Consequently, these carriers will not necessarily deploy new optical networks. However, they will upgrade existing...
Photonics Spectra, January 2002
The Elegant Optical Network
Consumer technologies with which we are accustomed, such as the personal computer, have become more complex in their internal workings, while the interfaces have become much more elegant in their simplicity. This dual trend is reflected in optical...
Photonics Spectra, January 2002
The Right CMOS Camera for the Job
While the CCD offers the best sensor performance for digital imaging, the CMOS image sensor is superior in terms of integrating functionality on-chip. Even the much-touted camera-on-a-chip is not beyond the capabilities of CMOS technology, promising...
Photonics Spectra, January 2002
Vision in a Box
Most of the theoretical advances that form the basis of modern industrial machine vision are more than 20 years old. To confirm this assertion, one need only review the contents of Digital Picture Processing, edited by A. Rosenfeld and A. Kak...
Photonics Spectra, January 2002
Hidden in Plain Sight: Calcium Fluoride's Intrinsic Birefringence
For years, lithographers have applied progressively shorter exposure wavelengths to reduce the minimum feature size on integrated circuit chips. However, this approach recently encountered an unexpected and little-known phenomenon: the intrinsic...
Photonics Spectra, December 2001
Infrared and Visible Imaging Combined in One Camera
Industrial and predictive maintenance engineers need to quickly and accurately find problems prior to failure and to document these findings to make fast, cost-effective decisions about when and how to fix a problem. Both visible and infrared...
Photonics Spectra, December 2001
Phase-Shift Techniques Rewrite the Semiconductor Road Map
The semiconductor industry has generally followed the path of least resistance in its pursuit of denser and smaller chip features, a goal defined by the Rayleigh equation. For years, wavelength (λ) was the simplest variable to work with in this...
Photonics Spectra, December 2001
Photonics Pointers
The increasingly widespread use of lasers in a variety of applications and fields will require more people to become familiar with this valuable tool – and with its potential hazards. The basic approach of virtually all laser safety standards has...
Photonics Spectra, December 2001
Spectrophotometry Takes Measure of Deep-UV Lithography
High-performance deep-UV spectrophotometry played a vital role in the research and development of 193-nm lithography. Pushed further, it will do the same for 157-nm lithography by providing optical analysis of the projection lenses, illumination...
Photonics Spectra, December 2001
Technology Close-Up
As optical networks increase data rates to 10 Gb/s and beyond, the effects of chromatic and polarization mode dispersion become much more significant. This has ignited interest in dynamic or tunable dispersion compensators that, unlike static...
Photonics Spectra, December 2001
Vibration Control Gets Active
Designers of precision manufacturing machinery are wrestling with increasingly tight alignment tolerances among the imaging components in their systems. These challenges are particularly acute in the semiconductor industry, where the size of devices...
Photonics Spectra, December 2001
A Challenge for CCDs
CMOS sensors have been available for about a decade, but only since about 1997 has the machine vision community brought them into more general use. The principal advantage of CMOS sensors over CCDs, according to Brendan Ruff, technical director...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
A Practical Guide to Digital Microscopy
Now that the dust has begun to settle around the issue of digital cameras replacing film for imaging applications in microscopy, several areas of interest have emerged. The following is an overview of the key considerations in the use and selection...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
Another Route to the Ultraviolet
Energetic ultraviolet radiation is useful in biological, physical and chemical applications such as the disinfection of drinking water and the photo-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of metallorganics and dielectric films. These processes...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
Capitalizing on Digital Technology
The new world of global communication and commerce is digital. But the printers and associated members of the graphic arts industry who attended Drupa2000, the international printing exposition held in Dusseldorf, Germany, saw that they must not...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
Flexographic Printing and Photonics
Recently, while traveling in upstate New York to deliver a presentation on flexographic printing press machinery, I met with a group of package printers from Ukraine. After our visit, the printers gave me a bottle of vodka in a box to which a...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
Laser Marking: A Clean, Economical Packaging Solution
Laser marking has emerged as a viable solution for diverse packaging applications over the last several decades. The vast majority of the uses are nonaesthetic, such as marking lot numbers on electrical and automotive parts that enable the...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
Photonics Pointers
Interferometry is a routine quality- monitoring test for optical components and systems at wavelengths ranging from the visible to above 10 µm. The technique has been available in commercial tools since the early 1970s, and a number of manufacturers...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
Technology Close-Up
Galvanometer-based optical scanners are finding a place as positioning solutions for an increasingly broad range of laser applications. While a number of scanning approaches are available, galvanometer-based scanners -- commonly called "galvos" --...
Photonics Spectra, November 2001
A Basement Full of Lasers
It's a short walk from the third floor of the Welch Building on the University of Texas campus to the basement of the Engineering Science Building. That's enough, however, for mid-August in Austin to work its magic. Temperatures above 100 make the...
Photonics Spectra, October 2001
Future Computing
Seventeen years ago, Alan Huang wrote in the Proceedings of the IEEE about the prospects of optical computing. The barriers were, he said, not so much technological, "but more and more [challenges] of imagination." Today many of the promises he...
Photonics Spectra, October 2001
Giving a Green Light
Green lasers have been important since the very first days of the laser. Indeed, many of the earliest applications in medicine, graphics and basic research demonstrated the versatility of green laser light, particularly from the argon-ion...
Photonics Spectra, October 2001
Intensified Fluorescence
Fluorescence is a central technology in medical testing, drug discovery, biotechnology and imaging. In almost all uses of fluorescence, the fluorophores are in the free-space condition, in which they radiate energy with minimal interactions with...
Photonics Spectra, October 2001
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