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Photonics Dictionary

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photodischarge spectroscopy

A spectroscopic process that detects and analyzes the discharge from an extrinsic surface with less than bandgap light. This method may determine the extrinsic surface-state energy levels of a...

photodynamic inactivation

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and molecular oxygen to induce cell death or inactivate microorganisms. This...

photodynamic therapy

A medical technology that uses lasers or other light sources in combination with photosensitizing drugs to treat cancerous tumors.

Photoelastic equipment and supplies

Photoelastic equipment and supplies refer to instruments and materials used in photoelasticity, a technique used to analyze stress distribution and behavior in materials. photoelastic equipment...

photoelasticity

The process of determining, with the aid of plane-polarized light, the stress distribution in materials under complex systems of loading.

photoelectric absorption

The transformation of incident radiant energy into a photoelectric emission current.

photoelectric cathode

A cathode principally designed to emit a photoelectric current.

photoelectric constant

The constant that, multiplied by the frequency of the radiation-producing emission of photoelectrons, determines the amount of voltage each photoelectron absorbs.

photoelectric current

The electron stream emitted by a phototube when the cathode is exposed to light.

photoelectric effect

The emission of an electron from a surface that occurs when a photon impinges upon the surface and is absorbed. This effect is the means by which photons may be detected.

photoelectric exposure meter

A device consisting of a microammeter, a photovoltaic cell and a battery. It is used for the measurement of scene brightness and the determination of correct exposure for photographic processes.

photoelectric mixing

Also known as light beating. The mixing of two narrowband optical components to produce an AC component in the photocurrent at the optical difference frequency.

photoelectric multiplier

A phototube in which the primary photoemission current, before being extracted at the anode, is multiplied many times.

photoelectric pyrometer

An instrument used to measure the temperature of a source through the use of photoelectric cells to detect and measure the intensity of the light emitted by the source.

photoelectric reader

An input device for a computer that detects and reads the data, in the form of punched holes in cards, by light that is transmitted through the holes.

photoelectric sensitivity

That property of a material that determines its ability to release electrons when absorbing photons.

photoelectric tube -> phototube

An electron tube having a photocathode for the emission of a photoelectric current.

photoelectromotive force

The force that stimulates the emission of an electrical current when photovoltaic action creates a potential difference between two points.

photoelectron holography

A technique proposed for studying the atomic structure of crystals by measuring the interference pattern generated when the crystal is illuminated by a burst of finely tuned x-rays. The resulting...

photoelectron microscopy

Surface analysis by means of photon induced electron emission. PEM methods provide high lateral resolution of the observed sample.For surface material sciences PEM allows the investigation of...

photogrammetric equipment

The special cameras, film and other means for forming maps by aerial photography.

photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the analysis of photographs or imagery. It involves extracting information...

photographic dosimetry

The use of photographic emulsions to detect and determine the amounts of ionizing radiation, such as x-rays and gamma rays, in an area. This is accomplished by exposing the emulsion to the radiation...

photographic exposure

The product of exposure time and irradiance or illuminance.

photographic photometry

A form of photometric measurement, often used with light sources that are transparent or fluctuating, in which a photographic plate is used to obtain a record of a source's relative intensities over...

photographic resolution

A measure of the ability of a photographic system to record fine detail. Usually stated in terms of cycles per millimeter on the processed film.

photographic sensitometer -> sensitometer

An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure or a continuously varied exposure; after processing, the density is measured...

photographic thermometry

The photographic recording of the heat radiation emitted from various points on the object as corresponding density variations on fast infrared film.

photoimmunotherapy

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target and treat specific cells or tissues in the body. The key components of this...

photoisolator -> optoisolator

An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains an input amplifier, a light-emitting diode, a photodiode and an output...

photolithography

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It is a photomechanical process used to transfer...

photoluminescence mapping

A technique used for noncontact inspection of semiconductor wafers. The material is illuminated by an excitation source that stimulates photoluminescence; the resulting spectrum is analyzed, yielding...

photoluminescence

Photoluminescence is a phenomenon in which a material absorbs photons (light) at one wavelength and then re-emits photons at a longer wavelength. This process occurs when electrons in the material...

photolysis

The photochemical reaction of light present in the decomposition of a substance.

photomask

A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in semiconductor manufacturing and other areas of microfabrication. It is a high-precision...

photometer

A device used to compare the luminous intensities of two sources by comparing the illuminance they produce.

photometric cube

A prism used in a photometer for the adjacent comparison of separate luminance.

photometric equipment

Photocells of various kinds used to measure photometric quantities; i.e., intensity, luminance and illuminance. Meter readings are used to express illuminance and, by calibration, to measure...

photometric filter -> color conversion filter

A filter that serves to alter the color temperature and the mired value of the radiation emitted by a source.

photometric sphere -> integrating sphere

A hollow sphere coated internally with a white diffusing material and provided with openings for incident beam, specimen and detector used for measuring the diffuse reflectance or transmittance of...

photomicrograph

A photomicrograph is an image taken through a microscope, typically using a camera attached to the microscope's eyepiece or an integrated digital imaging system. It captures the magnified view of...

photomicrographic camera

A still or motion-picture camera designed to photograph through a microscope. Photomicrographic equipment usually contains a beamsplitter or other means for simultaneously viewing, orienting and...

photomicrography

The use of a microscope in photographing objects. A device for photomicrography includes a light source, microscope and camera mounted on a rigid base.

photomultiplier tube

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely used in various applications where high sensitivity, fast response times,...

photon

A quantum of electromagnetic energy of a single mode; i.e., a single wavelength, direction and polarization. As a unit of energy, each photon equals hn, h being Planck's constant and n, the frequency...

photon correlation spectroscopy

Spectroscopy used to study the concentration, diffusion and Brownian motion of small particles suspended in a fluid by measuring dynamic fluctuations of light that is scattered or fluoresced by the...

photon counter

A device used to evaluate the luminance of a surface by determining the number of photons emitted from a sample surface area.

photon coupling

The coupling of two circuits by the use of a light pipe through which photons are transmitted.

photon drag effect

The induction of an electric field in a semiconductor by an incident laser beam. The technique has rapid response time at room temperature.

photon jet

A photon jet is a narrow, highly collimated beam of light that is formed when light interacts with small dielectric microstructures, such as microspheres or microcylinders. This phenomenon arises due...

Photonics Dictionary

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