Photonics Dictionary

A machine vision technique of image correlation whereby the correlation kernel (template of the desired image) is transformed into a group of vectors, each representing a specific feature of the...

The bands found by Vegard in the spectrum of the aurora borealis and by Kaplan in the nitrogen afterglow. They are formed by the effect of metastable nitrogen molecules.

A brightness, superimposed on the image of the retina, that decreases its contrast and that often results in decreased visibility.

Diffuse stray light at the image plane of an optical system that results in reduced contrast and resolution.

A method of measuring negatively charged phase ions using a color-center or lead-salt diode laser.

Short-distance scattering of light in holography caused by random index inhomogeneities and the developing index that interferes with the incident beam, thus recording a hologram of the scattered...

The angular relation between two light rays that originated at the same object point. Sometimes used to indicate the angle between the visual axes of the eyes.

The degree to which a pair of fine lines can be aligned to each other. A normal observer will demonstrate an accuracy of 10 arc seconds and a repeatability of 5 arc seconds.

A phase-shift interferometer used to detect the relative angular speeds or positions of two concentric rotors.

The point of intersection of the optical axis with any centered optical surface.

The reciprocal of the back focal distance of a spectacle lens.

An aerial photograph produced when the optical axis of the camera is perpendicular to the surface below.

With respect to a television system, a pulse transmitted at the end of each field to break off the cathode-ray beam as it begins the next field.

A laser that has a surface-emitting semiconductor gain element coupled to an external mirror designed to complete the laser resonator. VECSELs can be electrically or optically pumped. The extended...

The difference in base up or down prism power at corresponding points located on the two lenses of a pair of spectacles.

With respect to microscopy, light that is directed down through the objective onto the specimen and then returned by reflection.

A two-sided mirror suspended by a pendulum mechanism. An autocollimator set normal to such a mirror surface will, by definition, have its optical axis set horizontal.

In television system specifications, the number of parallel horizontal black and white lines of equal thickness, that can be resolved from top to bottom of the raster. (One line equals either a black...

With respect to television, the returning direction of the electron beam during the vertical blanking period.

A vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light vertically from the surface of a semiconductor wafer. VCSELs are commonly used in various...

Two electrodes that shift the electron beam vertically on a cathode-ray tube screen using electrostatic deflection.

A device that measures the back focal length or vertex power of a lens.

The frequency band from 30 to 300 MHz. The corresponding wavelengths are from 1 to 10 m. (VHF).

Consists of a pair of radio telescopes concentrated on a single celestial object. This technique creates a single radio telescope with a diameter equal to the distance between the pair, which allows...

The frequency band from 3 to 30 kHz. The corresponding wavelengths are from 10 to 100 km. (VLF).

An image with variations in density due to the differential scattering ability of microscopic bubbles in a transparent layer.

In integrated circuits, a pathway, hole, or other passage through the substrate.

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is a spectroscopic technique used to probe the chiral properties of molecules. It measures differences in the absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized...

Vibrational spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy that involves the study of the vibrational states of molecules. It is used to obtain information about the molecular structure, bonding, and...

A test similar to the Knoop hardness test, but used for fractured material. The indenter is a square-based pyramid-shaped diamond.

Referring to the bandwidth and spectrum location of the signal produced by television or radar scanning.

A wideband amplifier used to process video or picture information.

A device, such as a thermionic or crystal diode, that is introduced into the vision channel of a television receiver to select the signal from the intermediate-frequency carrier.

The video graphics array (VGA) is a display resolution standard introduced by IBM in 1987 for displaying graphics on computer monitors. It quickly became the de facto standard for personal computers...

A device that calibrates the size, position or distance of objects imaged on a video screen.

A device that changes the number of lines per frame of a video image to adapt to a lower resolution format, either by deleting lines, compressing lines or by imaging only a part of the original...

A disc whose surface contains recorded digital data at high-packing densities arranged in concentric rings. The data, representing video frames, are both recorded and read by a laser beam.

Videography refers to the process of capturing moving images and recording them in a digital format. It involves the use of video cameras, lighting equipment, and audio recording devices to create...

A small television tube originally developed for closed-circuit television. It is about 1 inch in diameter and 5 inches long. Its controls are relatively simple and can be operated by unskilled...

A camera that permits adjustments in the perspective of an image; this is accomplished by the camera design, which permits tilt, swing, rise or fall of the image transmitted. Also known as a...

A device, optical or electronic, that may be joined to a camera so that the operator may perceive the scene as the camera does.