Definition of piezoelectric

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Photonics Dictionary

piezoelectric: Piezoelectricity is a property exhibited by certain materials in which they generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress or deformation, and conversely, undergo mechanical deformation when subjected to an electric field. This phenomenon was discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in the late 19th century.

The word piezoelectric originates from the Greek word "piezo," meaning to squeeze or press. The effect occurs due to the unique crystal structure of piezoelectric materials, which consists of asymmetrical arrangements of atoms or molecules. When mechanical stress is applied to the material, it causes a displacement of these charges, resulting in a net electric polarization and the generation of an electric field. Conversely, when an electric field is applied to the material, the crystal lattice undergoes a deformation, resulting in mechanical strain or movement.

Piezoelectric materials find a wide range of applications in various fields, including:

Sensors and transducers: Piezoelectric materials are commonly used in sensors and transducers to convert mechanical signals, such as pressure, force, or acceleration, into electrical signals, and vice versa.

Actuators: Piezoelectric actuators are devices that use the piezoelectric effect to produce mechanical movement or deformation in response to an applied electric field. They are used in precision positioning systems, ultrasonic devices, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).

Ultrasonic devices: Piezoelectric materials are utilized in ultrasonic transducers for generating and detecting high-frequency sound waves in applications such as medical imaging (ultrasound), non-destructive testing, and cleaning.

Energy harvesting: Piezoelectric materials can convert mechanical vibrations or movements from their environment into electrical energy, making them suitable for energy harvesting applications in sensors, wearables, and wireless sensor networks.

Piezoelectric igniters: Piezoelectric materials are used in ignition systems for gas-powered appliances such as gas grills and lighters, where mechanical pressure generates a high-voltage spark for ignition.

Common piezoelectric materials include certain crystals (e.g., quartz, Rochelle salt), ceramics (e.g., lead zirconate titanate, PZT), and polymers (e.g., polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF). Due to their unique properties, piezoelectric materials play a crucial role in various technological advancements and innovations.