Definition of absorption band

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Photonics Dictionary

absorption band: An absorption band is a range of wavelengths, frequencies, or energies in the electromagnetic spectrum within which a substance absorbs radiation. It appears as a dark band in a spectrum where the intensity of the absorbed wavelengths is significantly lower than that of adjacent wavelengths. These bands are characteristic of specific molecular or atomic transitions and are used to identify substances and understand their properties.

Molecular transitions: They result from electronic, vibrational, or rotational transitions within molecules. Each type of transition corresponds to a specific energy change and thus a specific range of wavelengths.

Spectroscopy: In spectroscopic analysis, absorption bands are crucial for identifying and studying substances. By examining the absorption bands, scientists can determine the composition, structure, and physical properties of a material.

Unique fingerprints: Each substance has unique absorption bands, which can serve as fingerprints for identification. For example, water has characteristic absorption bands in the infrared region due to its molecular vibrations.

Applications: Absorption bands are used in various fields such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, and environmental science to analyze gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas.

In essence, an absorption band is a signature feature in a spectrum indicating the specific wavelengths at which a substance absorbs electromagnetic radiation.

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