University at Buffalo physicists are using lasers to study proteins that cluster together to form spherical droplets inside human cells, shedding light on the conditions that drive such droplets to switch from a fluid, liquidy state to a harder, gel-like state. The research employed two innovative laser techniques to show how environmental conditions can affect droplets made from FUS or other related proteins. In one set of experiments, scientists used highly focused laser beams called optical tweezers to trap and push together two protein droplets floating in a liquid buffer solution. In a second set of tests, the team employed lasers in a different way using “laser poking” to study how FUS and related protein droplets react to crowded environments. In these experiments, Banerjee and colleagues attached fluorescent tags to numerous protein molecules in a single droplet, causing the proteins to glow. The researchers then “poked” the middle of the droplet with a high-intensity laser, a procedure that caused any fluorescent molecules hit by the laser to go permanently dark. The next step in the process was for scientists to measure how long it took for new glowing proteins to move into the darkened area. This happened quickly in protein droplets floating in sparsely populated buffer solutions. But the recovery time was dramatically slower for droplets suspended in buffer solutions thick with PEG or other compounds, an indication that protein droplets become gelatinous in crowded environments. The findings applied to both FUS and other related protein droplets with diverse primary structures. “Our experiments were done in test tubes, but our results suggest that inside living cells, the crowding status could affect the dynamics of protein droplets,” Banerjee said. The research paper investigates a droplet-forming protein called fused in sarcoma (FUS). Liquid FUS droplets are found in normal brain cells, but in some patients with the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the protein forms aggregates of solid material, Banerjee said. The study, published Feb. 19 in the journal in Biomolecules, was supported by the College of Arts and Sciences, with assistance from the UB North Campus Confocal Imaging Facility, which is supported by the National Science Foundation. The research was conducted by Banerjee’s team at UB, with technical assistance from a colleague affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine.