More than 170 participants gathered recently for the eighth annual National Academies Keck Futures Initiative (NAKFI) conference. This year's topic was imaging science, a field of study that uses physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science and cognitive sciences to understand the many factors that influence and enable image capture and analysis. At the conference, top researchers from different fields discussed imaging science, its far-reaching applications — such as astronomy, environmental monitoring, education and health care — and how it can be used to solve complex problems. Farouk El-Baz, director of Boston University’s Center for Remote Sensing and this year's conference chair, challenged attendees to push imaging science forward in a nonlinear way. "The promise of imaging science" he said, "could come from identifying tools and validation methods to develop clinically useful noninvasive imaging biomarkers of psychiatric disease, developing a telescope or starshade to reveal planetary systems around neighboring stars, or developing new ways to detect and classify meaningful changes between two images so that we can determine whether a crop is flourishing or withering, for example, or determine whether a tumor is responding to treatment." "The think-tank format of the NAKFI conference — which focuses on assigning challenges for attendees to solve — will push the limits and move the field of imaging science forward in unexpected ways through the imagination of its participants," El-Baz added. During the conference, researchers grouped into teams to explore core issues common to all imaging applications. Each team received a research challenge. Among the challenges were to think of new applications for imaging; improve image processing and recovery; enhance image analysis and understanding; and measure image quality objectively. They also discussed the future of visualization. Graduate students, representatives from public and private funding organizations, government, industry, and the media also partook in the discussions. To encourage further interdisciplinary work, the Futures Initiative announced the availability of $1 million in seed grants — up to $100,000 each — for new lines of research identified at the conference. Recipients of the competitive grants will be announced in the spring of 2011. To help participants overcome differences in terminology used in various fields, experts in those fields presented a series of webcast tutorials on many aspects of imaging science. These tutorials are available online. Launched in 2003 by the National Academies and the W.M. Keck Foundation, the Futures Initiative is a 15-year effort to stimulate interdisciplinary inquiry and to enhance communication among researchers, funding agencies, universities and the general public. The initiative builds on three pillars of vital and sustained research: interdisciplinary encounters that counterbalance specialization and isolation; exploration of new questions; and bridging languages, cultures, habits of thought and institutions through communication. For more information, visit: www.keckfutures.org