Researchers from Stanford University have developed a light-based computing scheme that uses a photonic integrated circuit to reduce the energy needed for cryptocurrency and blockchain applications. Mining cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin — a process of verifying transactions and adding new cryptocurrency to the blockchain — consumes up to 1% of the world’s energy. This energy expenditure is expected to grow as cryptocurrency and blockchain applications become more mainstream. Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies created using encryption algorithms. These alternative currencies require a blockchain — a type of digital ledger that records information such as transactions in a way that is difficult or impossible to change or hack. Researchers have developed a new light-based computing scheme called LightHash that reduces the energy necessary for cryptocurrency and blockchain applications. First author Sunil Pai is pictured with the optical setup used for the new research. Courtesy of LightHash. “Currently, cryptocurrency mining is only accessible to those who have access to highly discounted energy — below $0.05/kWh,” said first author Sunil Pai, who performed the research at Stanford and is now at the quantum computing company PsiQuantum. “Our low-energy chips will make it possible for individuals all over the world to participate in mining profitably.” The scheme is called LightHash. It uses a photonic integrated circuit to create a photonic blockchain. With further development, the researchers believe that this approach, if implemented on a large scale, could create a roughly tenfold improvement in energy use compared to the best modern digital electronic processors. “Our approach to photonic blockchain could also be used for applications beyond cryptocurrency such as securely transferring data for medical records, smart contracts, and voting,” Pai said. “This work paves the way for low-energy optical computing, which, ultimately, can reduce data centers’ energy consumption.” Growing concerns about the large amount of energy required to mine cryptocurrencies have caused some of the popular ones, like Ethereum, to shift to unproven and potentially insecure methods to minimize their carbon footprint. To find a more eco-friendly approach while maintaining a high level of security, Pai and colleagues used silicon photonics to reduce the energy requirements of cryptocurrency networks. LightHash improves upon a scheme the team previously developed called HeavyHash, which is currently used in cryptocurrency networks such as Optical Bitcoin and Kaspa. “The major motivation for LightHash was HeavyHash’s high sensitivity to hardware error,” Pai said. “Since analog computers, including photonic ones, struggle to achieve low error rates, we designed LightHash to maintain all the security properties of HeavyHash, while improving its robustness to error.” The new scheme creates a photonic blockchain using a photonic integrated circuit, the small metallic rectangle. Courtesy of LightHash. Securely creating Bitcoin or operating its computing network requires computing a hash function like SHA256 or HeavyHash to transform input data into a single output number in a way that is too complex to be undone, which accounts for the bulk of Bitcoin’s energy use. In the new work, the researchers modified HeavyHash to work with a co-designed silicon photonic chip carrying a 6 × 6 network of programmable interferometers. This enabled low-energy optical processing of matrix multiplications, which forms the bulk of the computation in LightHash. To evaluate the feasibility of using LightHash for matrix multiplication, the researchers built an optical rig to control and track the propagation of light by tuning heating elements and imaging grating spots onto an infrared camera. They also implemented an error mitigation algorithm and established feasibility criteria for scaling the technology. The experimental results achieved with the silicon photonic chip matched those obtained using simulated error predictions. “Our results suggest that LightHash can be feasibly computed at scale using current silicon photonic chip technology,” Pai said. “Essentially, we have devised a way to use analog optical circuits to perform multiplications at near zero power dissipation yet precisely enough for use in a digital encryption scheme.” For LightHash to demonstrate considerable advantages over digital equivalents, it must be scaled up to 64 inputs and outputs. The researchers are also working to further reduce energy consumption by designing low-power electromechanical tuning elements and energy-efficient converters to turn the optical signals into electrical signals. They say that because the new chip accelerates matrix multiplication, the most computationally intensive operation for AI applications, it could also help make training and application of photonic neural networks more energy efficient compared to conventional digital implementations. “It will be interesting to see how cryptocurrency technology evolves and to what extent photonics can contribute to the increasingly mainstream role of decentralized ledgers in society today,” Pai said. The research was published in Optica (www.doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.476173).