William T. Golden has donated $5.25 million to the American Association for the Advancement of Science -- the most generous gift bestowed on the scientific society since it began in 1848. The gift will establish the William T. Golden Endowment Fund for Program Innovation. Golden helped shape post-World War II science policy as an advisor to late US President Harry Truman.   . . .   NP Photonics, a supplier of optical components and modules for the sensing and telecommunications markets, announced it has shipped samples of its precision optical spectrum analyzer engines to three companies that manufacture fiber optic sensing instruments.