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Laser Operation: Temperature Control and Mount Selection
The best choices will help you manage the heat generated by laser operation and ensure a robust laser system. As you operate your laser, only a portion of the electrical power sourced from your laser driver converts to light energy.
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Lasers for Microscopy: Major Trends
Laser development for the microscopy market continues to be driven by key trends in applications, which currently include superresolution techniques, multiphoton applications in optogenetics, and other areas of neuroscience, and even a shift in...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Powering Lasers: Evaluating Bench Power Supplies
Supplying power to a laser is delicate work because lasers are extremely sensitive and easily damaged. A single pulse of excessive current, lasting only a few microseconds, can overheat and damage the light-emitting facets of a laser diode. While a...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Transparent Ceramics: Enabling Large, Durable, Multifunctional Optics
Aluminum oxynitride and magnesium aluminate spinel are mechanically strong, hard and scratch resistant; they are also chemically durable. Both exhibit broadband transmittance from near-UV to mid-IR. Single-crystal sapphire has been the material of...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Understanding Surface Quality: A Practical Guide
Surface quality has become one of the most poorly understood specifications in the optics industry. A significant portion of the confusion stems from the two major competing (and largely incompatible) standards, Mil-PRF-13830B, and ISO 10110. Both...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Common Infrared Optical Materials and Coatings: A Guide to Properties, Performance, and Applications
The purpose of this guide is to identify the most common infrared transmitting materials, point out their key properties, applications, products manufactured, surface specification options, and general antireflection (AR) coating options. AMTIR-1...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Detectors: Guideposts on the Road to Selection
Choosing a detector requires evaluating many operating parameters and desired outcomes. This introduction provides a series of guideposts that will help lead the way to the right one. Any number of medical, industrial and analytical applications...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Diode-Pumped Lasers: Performance, Reliability Enhance Applications
The latest technology advances take diode-pumped solid-state lasers into new realms of power and wavelength, enabling many new applications. Neodymium-doped crystals and glasses such as Nd:YAG (neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet) have long been used...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Excimer Optics: High Power Demands High Reliability
The first high-reflectance mirror coatings for the UV and vacuum UV (VUV) were of the Al + MgF2 type produced in the late 1950s. Coatings of this design are still used today for multigas cavity mirrors and many other applications because they are...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Integrating Spheres: Collecting and Uniformly Distributing Light
The integrating sphere is a simple, yet often misunderstood, device for measuring optical radiation. An integrating sphere’s function is to spatially integrate radiant flux (light). However, before one can optimize a sphere design for a particular...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Interferometry: Measuring with Light
Long applied to optical shop testing, interferometry is now used to measure many different types of parts in a variety of applications, such as optical system performance, surface roughness, surface form, and displacement of moving surfaces. An...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Lasers: Understanding the Basics
Although lasers range from quantum-dot to football-field size and utilize materials from free electrons to solids, the underlying operating principles are always the same. This article provides the basic information about how and why lasers work.
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Light-Emitting Diodes: A Primer
The wavelength range of commercially available LEDs with single-element output power of at least 5 mW is 275 to 950 nm. Each wavelength range is made from a specific semiconductor material family, regardless of the manufacturer. This article will...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Optical Materials: Double-Sided Lapping and Polishing
Double-sided lapping and polishing utilizes planetary action with the combination of a top and bottom plate to precisely grind and polish precision, parallel optics. Double-sided processing is a batch-type process that uses planetary action –...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Passive Athermalization: Maintaining Optical Performance Over Temperature
An optical system is athermalized if its critical performance parameters (such as modulation transfer function, back focal length and effective focal length, etc.) do not change appreciably over the operating temperature range. For rotationally...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Plastic Optics: Specifying Injection-Molded Polymer Optics
The use of precision polymer optics is becoming an increasing necessity today as products demand sophisticated light handling components to achieve desired results. Polymer optics can be thought of as an important enabling technology allowing the...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Thin-Film Coatings: A Buyers' Guide
What are thin-film coatings? Optical thin-film coatings modify the transmittance and reflectance properties of the substrate material to which they are applied. This article provides an objective overview of typical performance characteristics,...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Ultraviolet Filters: Past and Present
Bandpass filters are passive optical devices that control the flow of light. They are used to isolate certain wavelengths or colors. Applications range from detecting the gaseous composition of a distant star to visualizing the chemical
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Vibration Control: Limiting Mechanical Noise
Vibration control plays a critical role in research and industry. Mechanical noise, for example, can obscure high-resolution images and affect the quality of nanotechnology processes. Fortunately, vibration can be controlled through proper...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Optical Delay Lines: Key to Time-Resolved Measurements
To obtain an accurate means of creating reliable delays in any time-resolved spectroscopy or dynamic experiment, several factors about the delay line stage must be considered to reduce or eliminate errors associated with linear stages. One of the...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Adhesives for Fiber Optics Assembly: Making the Right Choice
Using the proper adhesive in the assembly of fiber optic components not only saves time and expense, but also can improve reliability and performance. Adhesives for fiber optic components that perform well on glass, metal, ceramic and most plastic...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Antireflection Coatings for the Ultraviolet, Visible and Near-IR
Graphs showing reflection curves of common antireflection coatings...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Beryllium Mirrors: Refinements Enable New Applications
Beryllium mirrors are finding commercial applications, while maintaining their military and space applications. Refinements in design and improvements in manufacturing technology have cut costs and new coatings have enabled high-power applications...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Broadband Spectrophotometry: A Fast, Simple, Accurate Tool
Broadband spectrophotometers coupled with relatively simple algorithms can provide fast, nondestructive and comprehensive characterization of thin films. Designing devices that incorporate ultrathin films is an important means of enhancing yields....
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
Camera Resolution: Combining Detector and Optics Performance
Most image-quality discussions center on resolution, which is thought to uniquely determine system performance. Resolution, however, is a more complex concept. Camera resolution depends upon the optical blur diameter and the detector size. Schade...
Photonics Handbook, March 2009
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