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PI Physik Instrumente - Microscope Stages MR ROS 11/24

Sheetak - Cooling at your Fingertip 11/24 HP

8,726 terms

Photonics Dictionary

interferometric modulator display

Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) is a type of display technology used in electronic devices, known for its energy efficiency and ability to produce high-quality reflective color displays....

interferometric sensor -> phase-modulated sensor

A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical quantity. In such sensors, variations in the phase of the signal are...

interferometry

The study and utilization of interference phenomena, based on the wave properties of light.

interlaced

Describing the standard television method of raster scanning in which the image is the product of two fields, each of which is a series of successively scanned lines separated by the equivalent of...

interlayer attraction

Interlayer attraction refers to the attractive forces between adjacent layers of atoms or molecules in a material, particularly in layered structures such as van der Waals solids, graphene, and...

intermediate frequency

In a heterodyne optical receiver, the frequency that is the difference between that of an incoming laser signal and that of the local oscillator laser. Also called beat frequency.

intermediate Herschel effect -> Herschel effect

The decrease in effect in developable density on a photographic plate formed by a second exposure to radiation having a longer wavelength, usually red or infrared.

intermediate image

In an optical system with a series of lenses, images formed prior to the final focal plane.

intermodal distortion -> multimode distortion

In an optical waveguide,- typically a multimode fiber - the distortion resulting from differential mode delay, i.e. axial rays (modes), with the shortest path length, will have the shortest...

internal

With reference to absorbance, absorptance, transmittance and the like, the processes occurring within a specimen between the entry and exit surfaces.

internal photoeffect

The effect in which photons are absorbed and excite the electrons; the electrons move from the valence band to the conduction band (intrinsic photoeffect), from the valence band to impurity levels or...

internal photoelectric effect

The creation of free electrons within a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons. The effect produces an increase in the conductivity of the solid.

internal standard

A material that is present or added to a sample undergoing spectroscopic analysis, to serve as an intensity reference for spectral measurements.

internal standard line

A spectral line of an internal standard; used to compare radiant energy of the line being analyzed.

internal surface

A nonoptical surface, within lenses and lens mounts, that contributes largely to flare by reflecting light into the image space. As a result, such surfaces, so located, are finished with a dull...

internal transmittance

The ratio of the radiant power transmitted to the second surface of a medium to the corresponding radiant power that has just passed through the first surface. Internal transmittance does not denote...

international candle

A unit of measurement of luminous intensity based on a physical standard, a set of calibrated carbon filament lamps. The old candle unit was superseded by the new candle or candela.

internet of things

The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, actuators, software, and network connectivity....

interocular distance

The distance between the two eye pupils when the observer is viewing distant objects (normal = 62 mm).

interphako interference microscopy

Measures the refractive indices axially from the fiber profile. Microscopy technique provides an interferogram with high contrast with demonstrated improvements in relation to the Pluta two-beam...

interpupillary distance

The separation between the exit pupils of a binocular instrument. This usually is adjustable so that it can be set equal to the observer's interocular distance, a normal range being from 55 to 75 mm.

interstellar absorption lines

Sharp and narrow absorption lines found in the spectra of stars. They result from the absorption of a part of a star's emittance by interstellar gases.

interstitial absorbing coating

An absorbing coating medium between fibers, used in some fused fiber optic plates to absorb unwanted light. Such coatings are sometimes called EMA (extramural absorption).

interstitial site

A position inside a crystal lattice that is not one of the proper lattice sites in the crystal. Impurity ions of the proper size can occupy such positions in an otherwise regular lattice.

intrabeam viewing

With respect to laser radiation, the subjection of the human eye to all or a portion of the laser beam.

intramodal distortion

That distortion resulting from dispersion of the group velocity of a propagating mode. It is the only distortion occurring in single-mode waveguides.

intraocular lens

A lens that is implanted within the eye to replace the eye lens, which has been removed because of cataract or other defect.

intravital microscopy

Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in real-time. Unlike traditional microscopy, which involves the examination of...

intrinsic detector

A photodetector composed of a photoconductive material that, when exposed to radiation, conducts without the aid of added impurities and does not have to be cooled to the level of extrinsic material....

intrinsic joint loss

Loss intrinsic to the fiber caused by parameter (core dimension, profile parameter) mismatches when two nonidentical fibers are joined.

intrinsic photoconductivity

The absorption of a photon raising an electron across the forbidden gap from valence to conduction band of the semiconductor where conductivity is increased and incident radiation may be measured.

intrinsic photoemission

The photoemission that would occur if a crystal were pure and its structure perfect.

invar

A material often used in the construction of optical instruments because of its low coefficient of thermal expansion (0.9 x 10-6/ °C).

inverse bremsstrahlung

Collisional absorption of energy that occurs in inertial confinement fusion systems when hydrodynamic expansion of the plasma causes an electron passing through the field of an ion to absorb...

inverse Compton effect

The interaction between a photon and an energetic electron, caused by collision, that transfers energy from the electron to the photon, thus raising the energy of the photon.

inverse photoelectric effect

The changing of the kinetic energy of a mobile electron into radiant energy, as in formation of x-rays.

inverse piezoelectric effect

The resulting contraction or expansion of a piezoelectric crystal along an electric axis when the crystal is under the influence of an electric field in the same direction.

inverse problem

Any problem that requires retrieval of the distribution of some internal properties, such as temperature concentration, etc., from remotely sensed data.

inverse square law

The law stating that the illuminance (or irradiance) from a point source varies as the inverse square of the distance between the source and the receiver.

inversion

See inverted image; population inversion.

inversion prism -> reversion prism

A prism made of two elements cemented together that, depending on its orientation, inverts or reverts an image. It may be used in converging or diverging light. Sometimes referred to as a K prism.

inverted image

An image that is similar to the object but rotated 180° about the axis of the system.

inverted microscope

A microscope designed so that the specimen is located face down above the objective.

inverted telephoto lens -> retrofocus lens

Also known as reversed telephoto lens. A lens consisting of an ordinary objective with a negative component near its front focal point. Thus, the back focus is large, relative to its focal length....

invisibility cloak

An invisibility cloak is technology that would render an object or individual invisible to the observer. In scientific research, efforts to create real-life invisibility cloaks have been...

invisible light filter

A filter that transmits infrared and ultraviolet but is opaque to visible radiation.

INVS

integrated night-vision system

IOC

integrated optical circuit

iodine cycle

A development aimed at extending the life of a tungsten filament. The iodine vapor in the lamp envelope combines with the tungsten vapor emitted by the hot filament, but the compound is decomposed by...

IOE

interfacing optical element

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