Photonics Dictionary

The frequency domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to represent signals and data in terms of their frequency components. In contrast to the time domain, where signals are...

A nonlinear optical process in which the frequency of an optical beam is doubled coherently.

In digital data transmission, the separation of the two binary states into output at two frequencies.

A technique used in holography that involves the mixing of lasers of different wavelengths to produce a beam of shorter wavelength.

With reference to electromagnetic radiation, the number of crests of waves that pass a fixed point in a given unit of time, in light or other wave motion. Expressed in hertz or cycles per second.

A unit of frequency equivalent to 1012 cps. Named for Augustin Jean Fresnel, a French physicist known for his work in light and optics.

1. Also known as near-field diffraction. The field of radiation sent through an aperture in an absorbing screen at large distances as compared with the wavelength and the dimensions of the aperture,...

A single band in a group of light and dark bands that can be viewed in the periphery of Fresnel diffraction shadow.

A hologram formed with an object located close to the recording medium.

A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin piece of transparent material, typically plastic or glass. This design...

Two plane mirrors that are not wholly located in the same plane. When light from a point source or slit reflects from the two mirrors, interference bands are revealed in the region where the light...

In a lens, the square of the radius of its aperture divided by the product of the focal length and the wavelength. It measures the importance of diffraction in the image formed by the lens. A small...

Fresnel reflection refers to the reflection of light at the interface between two different media with different refractive indices. This phenomenon was named after the French engineer and physicist...

Reflection losses incurred at input and output of optical elements because of the difference in refractive index between glass and the immersion medium.

A method for measuring the index profile of an optical fiber by measuring the reflectance as a function of position on the end face.

A type of quarter-wave retarder in the form of a glass rhomb; light entering the retarder undergoes two total internal reflections, producing a change in phase.

A zone plate in which the zones are alternately transparent and opaque to specific radiation, and coarse enough so that no appreciable diffraction or focusing takes place. The Fresnel zone plate is...

The resistance of individual grains of an abrasive to breaking down under pressure. If the grains break down under relatively low pressure, the abrasive is said to be more friable.

The length of the small space within which the atmosphere exhibits coherence, particularly in relation to an observer on Earth viewing celestial objects. The turbulence of the Earth's atmosphere...

A calculated function that can be achieved experimentally with interferometric analysis of complex atmospheric altitude; expressed as a relation to the turbulence integrated over the entire...

An interference band such as Newton's ring.

The multiple beam form of Brewster's fringes formed when the two plane-parallel plates have high-reflecting surfaces.

The restricting aperture located at the front of the lens. It is usually defined as the maximum diameter of the entrance cone at the front vertex, for the specified field of view at infinity focus.

In communcations and video signals, the portion of a composite signal between the leading edge of the horizontal blanking pulse and the leading edge of the horizontal synchronization pulse.

The distance between the front focal point and the vertex of the front surface.

A method of focusing an optical system by moving the front component (the lens closest to the subject) to change the distances between components. Also known as front-element focusing.

An optical reflector with the reflective coating applied to the front surface of the substrate. This eliminates the ghost image formed with second-surface mirrors.

Light leakage at a total reflecting interface when another highly refractive medium is brought close to it.

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas sample. It operates based...